“Thitu Island”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Thitu Island ({{lang-tl|Pag-asa}}, literally "hope"; {{zh|t=中業島|s=中业岛|p=Zhōngyè Dǎo}}; {{lang-vi|Đảo Thị Tứ}}; Pangasinan: Ilalo), having an area of {{convert|37.2|ha}}, is the second largest of the naturally occurring^[2] Spratly Islands and the largest of the Philippine-administered islands. It lies about {{convert|300|mi|km|order=flip}} west of Puerto Princesa City. Its neighbours are the North Danger Reef to the north, Subi Reef to the west, and the Loaita and Tizard Banks to the south.

Though administered as part of Kalayaan, Palawan, Philippines, it is also claimed by China, Taiwan and Vietnam.

History

The Philippines has the earliest map of the island, although Chinese fishermen historically called the island Tie Zhi ({{zh|s=铁峙|t=鐵峙|labels=no}}; Min dialect pronounced {{IPA-all|T’iɁTu}}). It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as "Tiezhi Island" ({{zh|s=铁峙岛|t=鐵峙島|p=Tiezhi Dao|labels=no}});{{Elucidate|date=February 2016}} Tiezhi Reef ({{zh|s=铁峙礁|t=鐵寺礁|labels=no}}) refers to another area 7.5 km northeast of this island.^[3] The modern Chinese name of the island was taken from one of the battleships named Chung-yeh ({{zh|c=中業號|p=Zhongye Hao|labels=no}}), sent by the Chinese government during the Republic of China era to regain control of the island in 1946.^[4]^[5]

From 1930 to 1933, the French colonial government in French Indochina sent naval troops to the Spratlys, including Thitu Island. On 21 December 1933, Gouverneur M. J. Krautheimer in Cochinchina (now Vietnam) decided to annex the Spratlys to Bà Rịa Province.^[6]

There are historical records of the island having been inhabited at various times by Chinese and Vietnamese fishermen, and during the Second World War by French Indochina and Imperial Japanese troops.^[7]^[8]^[9] However, there were no large settlements on the island until 1956, when a Filipino lawyer-businessman-adventurer named Tomas Cloma decided to "claim" a part of the Spratly islands as his own, naming it the "Free Territory of Freedomland".^[10]

The Philippines formally established the Municipality of Kalayaan on Pag-asa island on 11 June 1978, by virtue of Presidential Decree 1596 series of 1978.^[11]

Topography

Pag-asa island is low-lying, with trees, shrubs and sand bars. It is surrounded by coral reefs populated with rusting wrecks visible above water.^[12]

Military

The island has been occupied by the Philippines since 1970. Being the second largest of the Spratly Islands,^[13]

it is tightly protected by the Philippine forces. The island's beaches have unused concrete bunkers which were built in the 1970s, a few years after the Philippine military base was established.^[12] Two-thirds of the Philippine military stationed in Philippine-occupied islands (i.e. 40 out of 60 soldiers) are assigned to the island.^[14]

In January 2014, the Chinese media reported the ambitions of China to reclaim the island as its own.^[15] In August 2017, China sent a contingent of naval vessels to the immediate vicinity of Thitu Island, including two frigates, one Coast Guard vessel, and two large fishing vessels.^[16]

Rancudo Airfield

The island has a {{convert|1300|m|yd}} unpaved airstrip called Rancudo Airfield, which serves both military and commercial air transportation needs.^[18] PAF regularly sends aircraft from Palawan to make reconnaissance missions in Philippine-controlled regions in the Spratly chain. The presence of an airstrip on the island makes such reconnaissance missions easier.^[17]

In June 2014, the Philippine government announced plans to fund and repair the 1.3 km unpaved Rancudo airstrip.^[18]^[19]

Naval Station Emilio Liwanag

On 7 July 2009, the Philippine Navy renamed Naval Station Pag-Asa as Naval Station Emilio Liwanag (after retired WWII and Korean veteran, Navy Captain, Emilio Liwanag) as one of several bases, facilities, and stations renamed throughout the country.^[20]

Civilian

The island serves as a town proper to the municipality of Kalayaan. Only this island among all Philippine-occupied Spratly islands is currently inhabited by Filipino civilians. The civilian population of about 300, which includes children, was introduced in 2001.^[22] However, fewer than 200 civilian Filipinos are present in the island at a time. They live in a few dozen houses, linked with sandy paths.^[12]

It is the only Philippine-occupied island in the Spratlys to have a significant number of structures, including a municipal hall, multi-purpose hall, health center, school, water-filtration plant, engineering building, marina, communication tower, and military barracks.^[23] The residents raise pigs, goats, and chickens, and plant crops in an allotted space to supplement their supplies of goods provided by a naval vessel which visits once a month. By day, the residents get electricity from a power generator owned by the municipality. By night, they shift to stored solar power that comes from 1.5-volt solar panels installed on the island. The houses do not have running water – water is used from tanks in front of each house.^[12]

Future plans

There are numerous plans for the island. One of the plans, proposed by the Philippine Navy since 1999, is to create a long causeway that leads all the way to a deep-water region.^[24] The island is completely surrounded by its expansive shallow coral base, which caused the Philippine Navy's BRP Lanao del Norte (LT-504) to run aground during a failed attempt to dock near the island in 2004. The damaged ship remains at the site of the wreck. Additionally, the Philippine Navy has proposed a naval base be built on the island, specifically for the purposes of training the Philippine Navy's elite Special Warfare Group or Navy Seals.

In contrast, the municipality proposes that the island be developed for tourism{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}. The island has a white sand coastline, is filled with trees, and is a sanctuary of several species of sea birds. Its wide coral base makes for good diving. Senator Angara filed a bill on 27 August 2016 that aims to promote the island as an ecotourism zone.^[25]

Approximately 1.6 billion pesos have been allocated to the island's development, for projects including a desalination plant, a port, and runway repairs.^[26]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/MIMAROPA.pdf |title=Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay: as of May 1, 2010 |work=2010 Census of Population and Housing |publisher=National Statistics Office |accessdate=22 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115103316/http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/MIMAROPA.pdf |archivedate=15 November 2012 |df= }}
2. ^Note that in 2014 the PRC embarked on a number of reclamation projects in the Spratly Islands. It appears that the largest of these, at Fiery Cross Reef, is of at least 60 hectares, and according to some unverifiable sources, possibly as large as 150 ha. {{cite web |author= Kristine Kwok and Minnie Chan |date= 2014-06-08 |title= China plans artificial island in disputed Spratlys chain in South China Sea |work= South China Morning Post |url= http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1527059/china-plans-artificial-island-disputed-spratlys-chain-south-china-sea |accessdate= 2014-09-28}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Who is the owner of the Spratly Islands?(Chinese)|url=http://www.annian.net/show.aspx?id=23767&cid=17|author=Tong Wong|date=2009-03-25|language=zh-hans}}
4. ^{{cite book |last=Lu |first=Yiran (吕一燃) |date=2007 |title=中国近代边界史 (A modern history of China's borders) |url= |location= |publisher=四川人民出版社 (Sichuan People's Publishing) |pages=1092–1093 |isbn=7220073313 |language=zh-hans}}
5. ^{{cite web |last=Palatino |first=Raymond |title=The Spratlys and the Philippine claim |url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/58073926/The-Spratlys-and-the-Philippine-Claim.|accessdate=2014-06-26 |language=zh-hans}}
6. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.biengioilanhtho.gov.vn/Media/bbg/News/Archives/vie/chu%20quyen%20tren%202%20quan%20dao%20Hoang%20Sa%20-%20Truong%20sa.pdf | title =MỘT SỐ TƯ LIỆU LỊCH SỬ, PHÁP LÝ VỀ CHỦ QUYỀN CỦA VIỆT NAM ĐỐI VỚI HAI QUẦN ĐẢO HOÀNG SA VÀ TRƯỜNG SA | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110905010517/http://www.biengioilanhtho.gov.vn/Media/bbg/News/Archives/vie/chu%20quyen%20tren%202%20quan%20dao%20Hoang%20Sa%20-%20Truong%20sa.pdf | archive-date =2011-09-05 | dead-url =yes| language=vi}}
7. ^{{cite web |title=Timeline |url=http://www.spratlys.org/history/spratly-islands-history-timeline.htm |work=History of the Spratlys |publisher=www.spratlys.org |accessdate=21 March 2014}}
8. ^{{cite book |last= Chemillier-Gendreau |first=Monique |title=Sovereignty Over the Paracel and Spratly Islands |date=2000 |publisher=Kluwer Law International |isbn=9041113819}}
9. ^{{cite book |title=China Sea pilot, Volume 1 (8th Edition) |date=2010 |publisher= UKHO - United Kingdom Hydrographic Office |location=Taunton |url=https://www.ukho.gov.uk/PRODUCTSANDSERVICES/PAPERPUBLICATIONS/Pages/NauticalPubs.aspx}}
10. ^{{cite news |title=China and Philippines: The reasons why a battle for Zhongye (Pag-asa) Island seems unavoidable |url=http://chinadailymail.com/2014/01/13/the-reasons-why-a-battle-for-zhongye-pag-asa-island-seems-unavoidable/ |accessdate=21 March 2014 |newspaper=China Daily Mail |date=13 January 2014}}
11. ^{{cite web | title=Presidential Decree 1596 s1978 |url=http://www.gov.ph/1978/06/11/presidential-decree-no-1596-s-1978/ |accessdate=5 April 2015}}
12. ^¹²³{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Eric |title=Reef Madness |url=http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2014/s4008035.htm |accessdate=23 May 2014 |newspaper=ABC News |date=20 May 2014}}
13. ^The largest of the Spratly Islands is the Taiwanese occupied Itu Aba (Tai Ping) Island (46 hectares).
{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582978/Spratly_Islands.html |title=Spratly Islands |publisher=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwrenG7k |archivedate=31 October 2009 |deadurl=yes}}
{{cite web |title=回眸︰1946年國民政府收復南沙太平島始末 |url=http://news.backchina.com/viewnews-33582-big5.html |accessdate=30 March 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131110151437/http://www.backchina.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=33582 |archive-date= 2012-11-10 |deadurl=yes |language=zh-hans}}
14. ^Thayer, Carl, "What If China Did Invade Pag-asa Island?", The Diplomat, 16 January 2014.
15. ^{{cite news |title=Chinese troops to seize Zhongye Island back from the Philippines in 2014 |url=http://chinadailymail.com/2014/01/11/chinese-troops-to-seize-zhongye-island-back-from-the-philippines-in-2014/ |accessdate=21 March 2014 |newspaper=China Daily Mail| date=11 January 2014}}
16. ^{{cite web|last1=Santos|first1=Eimor|title=Carpio to gov't: Protest 'Chinese presence,' guard sand bar near Pag-asa Island|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/08/19/South-China-Sea-dispute-Chinese-ships-near-Pag-asa-Island.html|website=CNN Philippines|accessdate=21 August 2017}}
17. ^Gomez, Jim, Associated Press, "[https://news.yahoo.com/disputed-spratly-isle-boredom-main-concern-074500026.html On disputed Spratly isle, boredom is main concern]", Yahoo! News, 22 July 2011.
18. ^{{cite web |url= http://globalnation.inquirer.net/106698/air-force-to-repair-pagasa-island-airstrip/ |title= Air Force to repair Pagasa Island airstrip |publisher= Philippine Daily Inquirer |author=Bong Lozada |date= 18 June 2014 |accessdate= 2016-12-26}}
19. ^{{cite news |title=Airstrip repair on Pagasa island 'a go' despite China protest – PAF |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/366273/news/nation/airstrip-repair-on-pagasa-island-a-go-despite-china-protest-paf |accessdate=19 June 2014 |publisher=GMA Network |date=19 June 2014}}
20. ^Arevalo, Lt. Col. Edgard A., Philippine Navy (Marines), "Navy Renames Bases and Stations After Predecessors," Philippines Navy Today, 20 August 2009.
21. ^{{cite web |title=Photographs of Lanao del Norte as seen from Pagasa |url=http://www.timawa.net/forum/index.php?topic=15922.msg145831#msg145831 |publisher=Timawa.net | date=1 February 2009 | accessdate=2009-06-03}}
22. ^Glionna, John M. (26 July 2009), "Squatters in paradise say it's job from hell", Los Angeles Times, Retrieved 2010-09-06.
23. ^{{Cite journal |last=Abaricia |first=Aimee |title=The Trip To Kalayaan |journal=The Philippine Star |pages=B–6 |location=Manila |date=16 July 2005 |url=http://www.trends.com.ph/images/smart_philstar.jpg |format=JPEG |accessdate=2008-02-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003072128/http://www.trends.com.ph/images/smart_philstar.jpg |archivedate=3 October 2011 }}
24. ^¹{{Cite journal |author=Gupta, Vipin |author2=Bernstein, Adam |title=Remote Monitoring in the South China Sea |publisher=Sandia National Laboratory |date=May 1999 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~spi/analysis.htm |accessdate=2008-02-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329153705/http://www.gwu.edu/~spi/analysis.htm |archivedate=29 March 2008 }}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/144340-angara-senate-bill-pag-asa-island-ecotourism-destination|title=Angara bill: Declare Pag-asa Island an ecotourism destination|last=|first=|date=27 August 2016|website=Rappler|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=19 March 2016}}
26. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-philippines-idUSKBN17N1ZH |publisher=Reuters |title=In shadow of China's reef city, Philippines seeks upgrade for its island patriots |date=21 April 2017 |access-date=29 August 2017 |first=Ronn |last=Bautista}}