| 词条 | Tholing |
| 释义 |
|name =Tholing |official_name = |other_name =Zanda |native_name ={{Bo-textonly|མཐོ་ལྡིང་}} {{lang|zh-hans|托林镇}} |nickname = |settlement_type = Town |motto = |image_skyline = Tholing monastery (Tibet) Dieter Schuh.JPG |imagesize = |image_caption = Tholing Monastery |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = China Tibet |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tibet |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = China |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = Tibet |subdivision_type2 = Prefecture |subdivision_name2 = Ngari |subdivision_type3 = County |subdivision_name3 = Zanda |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =0.3 |area_land_km2 = |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =600 |population_density_km2 =2000 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Major Nationalities |population_blank1 =Tibetan |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |population_blank2_title =Regional dialect |population_blank2 =Tibetan language |timezone = China Standard |utc_offset = +8 |coordinates = {{coord|31|29|03|N|79|48|02|E|region:CN-54|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 3723 |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 859600 |area_code = 0897 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} Tholing ({{bo|t=མཐོ་ལྡིང་|w=mtho lding}}, literally "high place";{{zh|c=托林 |p=Tuōlín}}), Toling, Tuolin, or Toding, alternatively Zanda, Tsanda, Tsada, or Zada, is a town and seat of Zanda County, Ngari Prefecture, in the west of Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. The town was the former capital of Guge Kingdom in western Tibet when it was ruled by Langdarma. Now an isolated military town, it has a well laid out new street, a post office, and telecommunication facilities.[2][3] The Tholing Monastery, established in 997 AD, is in the suburbs of the town, in the Grand canyon of the Langchen Tsangpo (Sutlej River). Historically, this was an important monastery; the second dissemination of Buddhism in Tibet emanated from it. HistoryZanda is a Chinese name given to the ancient town known as Tholing, which was once the capital of the Ngari district in western Tibet. The town, the monastery, and Tsaparang, a rocky range with forts, played an important role the history of Tibetan Buddhism in west Tibet. Tholing and Tsaparang were the capital cities of the Parang-Guge Kingdom during the 10-11th centuries when Tibetan Buddhism civilization developed. Tholing was on an important trade route between India and Tibet. The Guge Kingdom fell into ruins by the end of 17th century, after the Ladakh army seized this kingdom in 1630 [4] Zanda is now a Chinese military town. GeographyRecent maps only use the Zanda name, and not Tholing. Zanda sits at an elevation of {{Convert|3660|m}}. There are caves in the hills, and a few ruins of chortens located closer to the Sutlej River; the ruins are mostly destroyed but the murals are in very good condition. There are a few poplar trees in the town.[5] A large army establishment is at the southern end of town whereas the Tibetan village is at the northern end of the town. There are a few guest houses between these two locations. The road to Zanda passes through very high snow-covered mountain ranges (in the elevation range of {{Convert|5200|-|5500|m}} along steep slopes and in the descent it passes through the canyon, crosses the Sutlej River at a bridge, and passes through a dry river bed before reaching Zanda.[5] Notable buildingsTholing's monastery ruins are within the town limits, while Tsparang's ruins, Gurugem monastery, are {{convert|20|km}} away. Visits to Tholing monastery and the ruins of Tsaparang are only authorized by permit; it is issued by the Cultural Relics Bureau located at Lhasa.[5] A 2011 report, on the "Art and History of the Cultural History of Western Tibet, 8th to 15th century, and Cultural Preservation", states that the Inner Asian Art Style has been identified in the paintings discovered from the cave temples in Zanda of Ngari. Much of the art and architecture were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution.[6] VillagesThe town of Tholing has jurisdiction over the following communities:[7]
References1. ^ {{Ngari Prefecture}}2. ^{{cite book|first=Gary |last=McCue|title=Trekking Tibet: A Traveler's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tm9M3fSS-w0C&pg=PA235|accessdate=3 January 2013|date=1 October 2010|publisher=The Mountaineers Books|isbn=978-1-59485-266-4|pages=235–}} 3. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/19/travel/echoes-of-a-fallen-kingdom.html|title=Echoes of a Fallen Kingdom|first=Karen |last=Swenson|date=19 March 2000|accessdate=23 January 2013|publisher=New York Times}} 4. ^{{cite book|first1=Bradley |last1=Mayhew|first2=Robert |last2=Kelly|first3=John Vincent |last3=Bellezza|title=Tibet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bo7_pF-ab_wC&pg=PA232|accessdate=3 January 2013|date=12 February 2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-569-7|pages=232–}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|first=Michael |last=Buckley|title=Tibet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrMcNDdB5-MC&pg=PA224|accessdate=3 January 2013|date=1 November 2006|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-164-7|pages=44, 224–}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.tibetheritagefund.org/media/forum/Orientations06_11CTRC.pdf|title=Oientations Magazine for collection and connosiures of Asian Art|date=June 2011|accessdate=27 January 2013|publisher=Tibet heritage Fund onizaion}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cfguide.com/town/Toding_346620443.htm|title=Toding Town|publisher=Cfguide.com|accessdate=26 January 2013}} 2 : Populated places in Ngari Prefecture|Township-level divisions of Tibet |
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