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Col. Thomas Lee (c. 1690–November 14, 1750) was a leading political figure of colonial Virginia. He was a member of the Lee family, a political dynasty which included many figures from the pre-American Revolutionary War era until the late 20th century. Lee became involved in politics in 1710 and he became the resident manager of the Northern Neck Proprietary for Lady Catherine Fairfax. After his father died, he inherited land in Northumberland and Charles County. Lee later acquired vast holdings in what are now Arlington, Fairfax, Fauquier, Prince William, and Loudoun Counties. These properties were developed as tobacco plantations.

When Lee married Hannah Harrison Ludwell in 1722, he benefited by the connections of the already established Harrison family. A year later he would become a member of the House of Burgesses. After Lee's home was burnt down by criminals, he lost almost all of his possessions and a fair sum of money. With donations received from Caroline of Ansbach and English Commissioners, he built his new home on the Potomac River, naming it Stratford Hall. Four years later in 1733, he was appointed to the Governor's Council, upper house of the General Assembly. In 1747, he founded the Ohio Company of Virginia with fellow Virginian colonists who wished to expand Virginia's territory into the Ohio River Valley. For a period of less than a year, in 1749, he became the de facto Governor of Virginia in place of the absent William Gooch. Lee was favored for an appointment as governor by George II but the colonist died in 1750.

Biography

Early life

Thomas Lee was born around 1690 at Mount Pleasant, on the Machodoc River in Westmoreland County, Virginia. His parents were Col. Richard Lee II, "the scholar", and Laetitia Corbin. His ancestors had immigrated from Coton, Shropshire, England to Virginia in 1642.^[1]^[2] As the fourth son of the couple, Lee would not receive as large an inheritance as his older brothers. This did not prevent him from becoming successful in politics.

Lee attended college at The College of William and Mary around 1700.^[3] Lee's education was referred to as a "common Virginia education".^[4] He soon became interested in the working of the tobacco industry. He left home to work with his uncle Thomas Corbin in the tobacco business.

Political career

Lee's political career began in 1710 when he was appointed as Naval Officer of the Potomac River. The position was previously held by his father and upon his resignation, Lee was appointed as the new Naval Officer. In 1711, Lee's uncle Thomas Corbin helped him gain the position of Virginia agent for the Northern Neck Proprietary. As a result, he was appointed by Catherine (Culpeper) Fairfax, Lady Fairfax, who was living in England, as her agent and resident manager for the Northern Neck Proprietary, which she had inherited from her father, Governor Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper. Catherine was the wife of Thomas Fairfax, 5th Baron Fairfax. This property, which consisted of approximately six million acres (24,000 km²), included all the land between the Potomac and Rappahnnock rivers.

At one time Edmund Jenings, another Lee uncle, headed this Proprietary. While Jenings was in England, the offices of the agency were located at the plantation at Machodoc and under Lee's supervision.^[5] Due to Jening's poor management,^[6] the agency was given to Governor Robert "King" Carter in 1720. This event led to animosity between the competitive Lee and Carter families.^[7] The members of the families refused to marry each other until Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee married Anne Hill Carter. Henry and Anne's most notable child was Robert E. Lee.

Thomas held this position until 1722. In 1713, Thomas succeeded his father as Naval Officer in charge of collecting customs for the south side of the Potomac.^[6]

In 1714, upon his father's death, Lee inherited lands in Northumberland County near Dividing Creek, as well as land in Maryland adjoining his brother Philip Lee, Sr. of "Blenheim". Thomas leased the estate "Machodoc" from his brother Richard Lee III who was in London. That same year Thomas visited England, remaining for about a year.

Lee thought that marriage was not only important between two individuals but for their families. A nephew of his later said, "Our Late Hon[ora]ble & worthy Unkle Presid[ent] Lee said that the first fall & ruin of families and estates was mostly Occasioned by Imprudent Matches to Imbeggar families and estates & to beget a race of beggars."^[8] He was engaged to Jenny Wilson in 1716. That year he returned to England to formalize the lease to the plantation before he married. Before his return, Jenny Wilson had found another husband, James Roscoe. Lee learned this from William Byrd.^[6]

Lee and his brother Henry negotiated a lease for 99 years on the plantation. During his stay in England, Lee had decided to buy some property on the Potomac River called the "Clifts Plantation" in Westmoreland County. At the time, the property was owned by Nathaniel Pope, Jr., a mariner, of London. Lee believed that when Virginia gained its independence, the capital would be located on the Potomac River.^[9] He later renamed it as Stratford. Thomas purchased his father's old estate "Machodoc", from his sister-in-law, Martha Silk, the former wife of his older brother, Richard Lee III. "Machodoc" was later known as "Mount Pleasant".

Marriage and family

In May 1722, Thomas Lee married Hannah Harrison Ludwell (December 5, 1701 – January 25, 1750), a member of the prominent Harrison family, at "Greenspring", James City County, Virginia.^[10] The marriage lasted his life and brought him increased wealth and status. Hannah was the daughter of Philip Ludwell II of "Greenspring", and Hannah Harrison. The couple had eleven children; eight survived to adulthood:^[6]

1728 was a tragic year for Lee and his family. On January 29, thieves broke into the house stealing the Lee family plate, jewelry, and other articles of value, and upon leaving, set fire to the plantation house at Machodoc. The fire destroyed the entire plantation, including Thomas' office, the barns, and outhouses. Almost all of the Lees' possessions were destroyed, as well as up to 10,000 pounds in cash (equal to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|10000|1728}}}} today).^[13] The house quickly burned and Hannah Lee, being pregnant with her fourth child, had to be thrown from her chamber window on the second floor. This resulted in Hannah's miscarriage of a son (they named him John). also injured in the fire was a slave girl, who died.^[14] Virginia Governor William Gooch blamed transported convicts for the crime. It is said that Col. Lee's loss was not less than 50,000 pounds (equal to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|50000|1728}}}} today). English Commissioners later gave Lee 300 pounds (equal to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|300|1728}}}} today) as compensation and Queen Caroline also gave him money from her private purse to help with rebuilding.^[15]^[16] The convicts and an accomplice were later found guilty. Their punishment is unknown because the trial records were destroyed.^[6] When construction began on the new Lee mansion, the family stayed with Thomas's brother Henry at Lee Hall. Lee sold the "Machodoc" estate to Richard Lee III's son, George Lee, who built "Mount Pleasant".

Lee's political career required trips to Williamsburg, causing him to be away from his family for extended periods of time. Lee managed to make the 80-mile (130-km) journey to his family and to be with his wife at the births of each of their children.^[17] Several of the sons became high-ranking political figures and were active in the American Revolutionary War and post-Revolution politics. Richard Henry was a senator from Virginia to the United States Senate and Francis Lightfoot was in the Virginia Senate. Lee's youngest sons William Lee and Arthur Lee served as diplomats to various European countries.^[18] William, along with Jan de Neufville, drafted an unofficial treaty between the United States and the Netherlands which Great Britain used as a reason for the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War.^[19]

Lee later became a vestryman for Copole Parish and Justice of the Peace in Westmoreland County.^[20] In 1723, Lee became a member of the House of Burgesses. He held this office until he was appointed to the Governor's Council in the Virginia General Assembly in 1733. This position was a lifetime appointment. The Council was made up of twelve appointees who were selected by the Governor of Virginia and was the upper half of the Virginia General Assembly. The lower half was made up of the House of Burgesses. This position also gave Lee the rank of Colonel, a military rank that was second only to the governor.^[6] Members of the Council were advisers to the governor and judges in the General Court of the colony. Their work led them to spend about a third of the year in the capital Williamsburg.^[6]

When Governor William Gooch was recalled to England in 1749, Lee was named President of the King's Council of Virginia and Commander-in-Chief of the colony. Nominated for appointment as Governor of Virginia by King George II, he died before it took place.^[21]^[22]

Ohio Company

Lee was appointed commissioner, along with William Beverley, to negotiate with the Six Nations of the Iroquois at the Treaty of Lancaster in 1744.^[23] At the treaty, an agreement was made with the Six Nations for 400 pounds (equal to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|400|1744}}}} today) in return for the right for Virginians to travel through and settle in the Shenandoah Valley.^[24]

In 1747, Lee co-founded the Ohio Company of Virginia along with Lawrence Washington, Augustine Washington, Jr., the Duke of Bedford, and John Hanbury. The Ohio Company was a land speculation venture which helped colonize the Ohio Country. Lee's influence as a member of the Governor's Council helped lead to the success of the Ohio Company and within seven years the company had 100 families living in Ohio. He was also the first president of the Company and after Lee died, was succeeded by Lawrence Washington.

Stratford Hall

With Lee's higher rank in society and wealth, he decided he needed to build a mansion to secure his position as one of the Virginia gentry.^[6] he chose the "Clifts," which he had owned since the mid-1710s. Lee decided on this site because it was located in Westmoreland County, where he was born, and because it was located on the Potomac River. The land was sufficient for having many construction laborers live there. Hannah had an influential say in the design and planning of the interior of the house. Philip, the couple's eldest son, had said, "See what it is to be ruled by a woman. I should have been now living in a house like this ... had not my father been persuaded by his wife to put up this very inferior dwelling, now over my head."^[25] The exact construction date of the house is unknown but it is estimated that construction began around 1725-30, as all of Lee's sons were born at Stratford. Workers on the plantation were from all the working class: free people and indentured servants mostly from the British Isles, and African slaves.^[26]

Between 1719 and 1746, Lee acquired vast holdings in what are now Arlington, Fairfax, Fauquier, Prince William, and Loudoun counties. The town of Leesburg, was named in his honor as recommended by his two sons, who were the founders and trustees.

Hannah Harrison died at "Stratford" on January 25, 1749, having borne eleven children.^[6] She was buried in the old family burying ground, called the "Burnt House Fields", at "Mount Pleasant". Her tombstone was later removed to "Stratford Hall", probably by Henry Lee, who built the new vault at that place. On November 14, 1750, Thomas Lee died at age sixty and was buried in the old "Burnt House Fields" at Mount Pleasant. According to his will, he wished to be buried in between his wife and his mother.^[6] He bequeathed Stratford Hall to his eldest son, Philip Ludwell Lee, and the Machodoc plantation to his nephew, George Lee.^[6]

Notes

1. ^{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/history/2003/02/lee_house.shtml | title = Shropshire: House with its roots in history | work = | publisher = BBC | accessdate = 2009-07-14 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312042814/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/history/2003/02/lee_house.shtml |archivedate = 2007-03-12}}
2. ^Alexander, Stratford Hall and the Lees Connected with its History (1912) p.28
3. ^A Catalogue of the College of William and Mary in Virginia From its Foundation to the Present Time (Williamsburg, 1859)
4. ^Alexander, Stratford Hall and the Lees Connected with its History (1912) p.47
5. ^Fairfax Harrison, Virginia Land Grants: A Study of Conveyancing in Relation to Colonial Politics (1925; reprinted, New York, 1979), pp.98-100.
6. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰Calhoun. Thomas Lee of Stratford, 1690-1750: Founder of a Virginia Dynasty (1991)
7. ^Dowdey, Clifford. The Virginia Dynasties: The Emergence of 'King' Carter and the Golden Age (1969) p.354
8. ^Henry Lee to Richard Lee, 22 Feb. 1758, Box 1, Custis-Lee Papers, Library of Congress
9. ^Martin, Behind the Scenes in Washington: Being a Complete and Graphic Account of the Credit Mobilier Investigation (1873) p. 34
10. ^{{cite book|last=Nagel|first=Paul C.|authorlink=Paul C. Nagel|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UbyPlhZeKZIC&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=Hannah+Harrison+Ludwell|title=The Lees of Virginia|page=39|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2009-07-14|isbn=978-0-19-507478-9|date=1991-08-01}}
11. ^Alexander, Stratford Hall and the Lees Connected with its History (1912) p.73
12. ^¹Alexander, Stratford Hall and the Lees Connected with its History (1912) p. 86 & p. 103
13. ^Maryland Gazette, 25 March - 1 April 1729
14. ^The Lees of Virginia p.41
15. ^Hamilton and Hamilton, The Life of Robert E. Lee for Boys and Girls (1917), p.3
16. ^Alexander, Stratford Hall and the Lees Connected with its History (1912) pp.48,59
17. ^Carl Bridenbaugh, Seat of Empire: The Political Role of Eighteenth-Century Williamsburg (Williamsburg, 1950), p. 18; Westmoreland County Court Orders, 1731-1739, Part 1, p.46A, Westmoreland County Courthouse.
18. ^Alexander, Stratford Hall and the Lees Connected with its History (1912) p.110
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.leearchive.info/wl/index.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20070929184030/http://www.leearchive.info/wl/index.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2007-09-29 |title=William Lee|publisher=Lee Family Digital Archive|accessdate=2007-08-15 }}
20. ^Calhoun, Jeanne A., "Thomas Lee 1690-1750: A Preliminary Report," (prepared for the Robert E. Lee Memorial Association, 1988), pp. 10-14.
21. ^Hall, Executive Journals, V, pp.299-300. 53.Lee, Lee of Virginia pp. 121-123.
22. ^Alexander, Stratford Hall and the Lees Connected with its History (1912) p.48
23. ^Hall, Executive JournalsV, p. 139.
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://earlytreaties.unl.edu/treaty.00003.html |title=Ratified treaty # 3 A Treaty Held at the Town of Lancaster, By the Honourable the Lieutenant Governor of the Province, and the Honourable the Commissioners for the Province of Virginia and Maryland, with the Indians of the Six Nations in June, 1744. Van Doren, C. and Boyd, J. P. (Eds.). (1938). Indian Treaties Printed by Benjamin Franklin, 1736–1762. Philadelphia, PA: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 41–79 |publisher=University of Nebraska at Lincoln |accessdate=2013-04-22}}
25. ^Charles Carter Lee Papers, Box 9.
26. ^Jack and Marion Kaniinkow, eds., A List of Emigrants to America 1718-1759 (Baltimore, 1964), p. 163; Calhoun, "Thomas Lee," p. 16.