“Thompson Capper”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Major General Sir Thompson Capper, {{postnominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCMG|CB|DSO}} (20 October 1863 – 27 September 1915) was a highly decorated and senior British Army officer who served with distinction in the Second Boer War and was a divisional commander during the First World War. At the Battle of Loos in 1915, Capper was shot by a sniper as he reconnoitred the front line during an assault by his division on German positions. He died the next day in a casualty clearing station from wounds to both lungs; his grave is in the nearby Lillers Communal Cemetery.

Capper was an active and vigorous soldier who had been wounded just six months before his death in an accidental grenade detonation. Shortly before this wound he had been knighted by King George V for his service in command of his division during the First Battle of Ypres. Field Marshal Sir John French commented upon his death that "he was a most distinguished and capable leader and his death will be severely felt."^[1] He was also a keen military historian and his collected papers are currently stored at the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives at King's College London.

Early career

Thompson Capper was born in October 1863 to William and Sarah Capper (née Copeland). William Capper was a civil servant with the Bengal Civil Service and Sarah was the daughter of industrialist William Copeland. Thompson and his elder brother John were born in Lucknow but at a young age were sent to England for their education.^[2] Thompson Capper attended Haileybury and Imperial Service College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst before being commissioned into the East Lancashire Regiment as a lieutenant on 9 September 1882.^[2]

He was employed on home service for the next ten years and whilst serving as regimental adjutant^[3] was promoted to captain on 22 April 1891,^[4] attending Staff College before being transferred with his unit to India. It was in India that Capper saw his first action, when in 1895 his regiment was attached to a force sent to the Indian-Afghan border to relieve a trapped British force in Chitral.^[6] Three years later he was again in action as an advisor to an Egyptian unit of the Anglo-Egyptian army under Horatio Kitchener which travelled down the Nile in the final campaign of the Mahdist War.^[5] During these operations, Capper participated in the battle of Atbara and was with the force which fought in the culminating Battle of Omdurman.^[6] He received a brevet promotion as major on 16 November 1898.^[6]

South African service

The following year, 1899, Capper and his regiment were again engaged in Africa, being transported to South Africa to serve in the Second Boer War. There Capper performed his duties with distinction for the next three years, being heavily engaged at the defeat of Spion Kop and participating in the relief of Ladysmith in early 1900.^[6] He remained in South Africa engaged in guerilla operations against the Boer forces until the armistice of May 1902, commanding a flying column in the Cape Colony.^[2] During the war, he received a brevet appointment as lieutenant colonel on 29 November 1900, and was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 5 December 1901.^[7] Following the war's conclusion in June 1902, Capper was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on his return home.^[8] He was also awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal with six clasps and the King's South Africa Medal with two clasps in recognition of his service during the war, and was twice Mentioned in Despatches.^[9]^[10]^[11] Capper returned to the United Kingdom in the SS Dunottar Castle, which arrived at Southampton in July 1902.^[12]

Staff career

After his return, Capper was initially selected as a deputy-assistant adjutant-general on the divisional staff of the 1st Army corps at Aldershot,^[13] but as an experienced staff officer, he was shortly thereafter given a post as a professor at the Staff College, Camberley from December 1902 to 1904.^[14] He was promoted to brevet colonel on 11 December 1904.^[15] He was then transferred to the Staff College, Quetta in India as commandant (and substantive colonel).^[16] It has been suggested that this move was initiated by jealous colleagues at the college due to his ability as a teacher and tactician.^[2] He retained this position until 1911, teaching the lessons of the Russo-Japanese War and emphasising the importance of "attacking dash" as the best means of overcoming entrenched positions.^[2] He came into contact with numerous important figures of the First World War through this work, including Douglas Haig, with whom he did not get on and Hubert Gough, who admired his "spirit of self-sacrifice and duty, instead of the idea of playing for safety and seeking only to avoid getting into trouble".^[17] He also amassed a prodigious collection of military literature during his research and teaching.^[25]

In 1906 he was promoted to temporary Brigadier–General^[18]^[19] and in 1908 he married Winifride Mary, with whom he would have one son.^[17] In 1910 his work at the staff college was recognised with the award of the Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the King's Birthday Honours.^[20] In 1911, after a brief period of half-pay in his permanent rank of Colonel, Capper was transferred from India to Ireland, where he commanded the 13th Infantry Brigade until 1913.^[21] He returned to Ireland briefly a year later in the aftermath of the Curragh Incident, to support his friend Hubert Gough.^[17] During early 1914, Capper was briefly the Inspector of Infantry^[22] but in the emergency of the summer of 1914 he was promoted to substantive Major-General^[23] and posted to the regular 7th Division, which was sent to the Western Front.^[24]

First World War

During the opening months of the war, Capper busied himself with organising the new division placed under his command;^[25] the work involved in this task meant that the division was not ready for action until October 1914.^[24] On 6 October 7th Division arrived at Zeebrugge just as the German forces began to push into that area as part of the "Race for the Sea".^[24] Initially forced back, Capper's division covered the Belgian withdrawal to the Yser and then held the line near the town of Ypres.^[17]^[26] For the next two months, the 7th Division was embroiled in bitter fighting at the First Battle of Ypres, when they were crucial in stopping the German advance but lost over 10,000 men. The Times later stated that "no one but Capper himself could, night after night, by the sheer force of his personality, have reconstituted from the shattered fragments of battalions a fighting line that could last through tomorrow".^[17] For the service he and his men provided during the battle, Capper was awarded a knighthood as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in early 1915.^[27]^[28]

Remaining on the front lines during the winter of 1914–1915, Capper's men held the German advance and were given some respite in early 1915 with the arrival of territorial divisions. It was during one of these rest periods that Capper was seriously wounded when in April 1915 he was struck in the shoulder by shrapnel from a "Jam-tin bomb" during a demonstration of improvised grenades being held behind the lines.^[17] He was temporarily replaced by General Gough and returned to England to convalesce, but was back with the 7th Division on 19 July 1915.^[24]

Battle of Loos

In late September 1915, the division was assigned to participate in the Battle of Loos against fortified German positions at Loos-en-Gohelle and Hulluch. Advancing on 26 September against furious German opposition, the 7th Division was held up several times and Capper visited the frontline to view the enemy for himself from the captured trenches. Urging his men into a final assault, Capper stayed behind to view the field and was struck by a sniper's bullet fired from houses along the line of advance which were thought to have been abandoned.^[24] The assault failed and Capper was discovered by his retreating units and taken to Number 6 Casualty Clearing Station at Lillers to the rear of British lines ^[24] personally by Captain O'Reilly, a medical officer. O'Reilly had gone out at 8pm to bring Capper in from the battlefield (the war diary suggests that Capper had been wounded at 5.50pm) and had arranged for the wound to be dressed at the Divisional Collecting Station before onward transfer to the CCS - O'Reilly was subsequently recommended for the Military Cross.^[29] The bullet had penetrated both lungs, and doctors gave no hope of survival. Major-General Sir Thompson Capper died the following day, on 27 September 1915^[30] in the casualty clearing station. His division had lost over 5,200 men killed or wounded in just three days of fighting.^[24]

Following his death, a rumour abounded that he had been killed charging the German lines on horseback.^[17] This story has persisted despite eye-witness accounts to the contrary.^[24] Capper was buried in Lillers Communal Cemetery behind British lines and his grave is marked by a Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstone bearing the inscription TOMMY.^[31] He is also commemorated on the War Memorial in Rayne, Essex, where he spent much of his boyhood with his uncle, the Rector of Rayne, Rev W S Hemming. His collected papers were donated to King's College in 1971, where they are still available to researchers and contain a wide selection of primary materials concerning the warfare of the early twentieth century.^[32]

Notes

1. ^Sir John French's Ninth Despatch, The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 9 July 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213114511/http://www.1914-1918.net/frenchs_ninth_despatch.htm |date=13 December 2007 }}
2. ^{{London Gazette|issue=25145|page=4178|date=8 September 1882}}
3. ^{{London Gazette|issue=26115|page=7052|date=16 December 1890}}
4. ^{{London Gazette|issue=26160|page=2543|date=12 May 1891}}
5. ^{{London Gazette|issue=26934|page=579|date=1 February 1898}}
6. ^Hart′s army list, 1903
7. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27388 |page=8917|date=17 December 1901}}
8. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27490|page=6902|date=31 October 1902}}
9. ^Old Haileyburians Who Died in the Service of Their Country 1915, Haileybury School. Retrieved 9 July 2007
10. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27282|page=943|date=8 February 1901}}
11. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27459|pages=4837–4845|date=29 July 1902}}
12. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=The Army in South Africa - Troops returning home |day_of_week=Tuesday |date=8 July 1902 |page_number=11 |issue=36814}}
13. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence|day_of_week=Saturday |date=23 August 1902 |page_number=8 |issue=36854| }}
14. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27513|page=110|date=6 September 1903}}
15. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27743|supp=y |display-supp=none |page=8561|date=13 December 1904}}
16. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27921|page=4078|date=12 June 1906}}
17. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰Beckett, Ian F. W.Sir Thompson Capper, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/32285}}. Retrieved 14 January 2008
18. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27928|page=4556|date=3 July 1906}}
19. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27946|page=6015|date=4 September 1906}}
20. ^{{London Gazette|issue=28388|supp=y |pages=4475–4476|date=23 June 1910 |display-supp=Supplement to the London Gazette Extraordinary }}
21. ^{{London Gazette|issue=28471|pages=1635–1638|date=3 March 1911}}
22. ^{{London Gazette|issue=28800|page=1094|date=10 February 1914}}
23. ^{{London Gazette|issue=28830|page=3838|date=12 May 1914}}
24. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰P.53-54, Bloody Red Tabs, Davies & Maddocks
25. ^{{London Gazette|issue=28933|supp=y |page=8115|date=9 October 1914}}
26. ^{{London Gazette|issue=28992|page=10158|date=1 December 1914}}
27. ^{{London Gazette|issue=29074|supp=4 |page=1686|date=16 February 1915}}
28. ^{{London Gazette|issue=29102|page=2621|date=16 March 1915}}
29. ^Brian Curragh, "A great victory all but gained": The Battle of Loos 1915 in Spencer Jones (Ed), 'Courage Without Glory', Helion, Solihull, 2015
30. ^{{London Gazette|issue=29347|supp=4 |page=10756|date=29 October 1915}}
31. ^{{CWGC|id=2947368|name=Capper, Sir Thompson|access-date=29 January 2018}}
32. ^¹Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College London. Retrieved 9 July 2007

References