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词条 Th-stopping
释义

  1. New York City English

  2. African American Vernacular English

  3. Frequency in other accents

  4. Homophonous pairs

  5. See also

  6. References

{{Short description|Pronouncing "th" as "t" or "d"}}{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}{{DISPLAYTITLE:Th-stopping}}{{refimprove|date=October 2013}}{{English phonology topics}}{{IPA notice}}

Th-stopping is the realization of the dental fricatives {{IPA|[θ, ð]}} as stops—either dental or alveolar—which occurs in several dialects of English. In some accents, such as of Indian English and middle- or upper-class Irish English, they are realized as the dental stops {{IPA|[t̪, d̪]}} and as such do not merge with the alveolar stops {{IPA|/t, d/}}; thus, for example, tin ({{IPA|[tʰɪn]}} in Ireland and {{IPA|[ʈɪn]}} in India) is not a homophone of thin {{IPA|[t̪ʰɪn]}}.[1] In other accents, such as varieties of Caribbean English, Nigerian English, Liberian English, and older, rural, or working-class Irish English, such pairs are indeed merged.[1] Variation between both dental and alveolar forms exists in much of the working-class English speech of North America and sometimes southern England. Th-stopping occurred in all continental Germanic languages, resulting in cognates such as German die for "the" and Bruder for "brother".

New York City English

For the working class of New York City and its surrounding region, the fricatives {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} are often pronounced as affricatives or stops, rather than as fricatives. Usually they remain dental, so that the oppositions {{IPA|/t-θ/}} and {{IPA|[d-ð]}} are not lost. Thus thanks may be pronounced {{IPA|[θæŋks]}}, {{IPA|[tθæŋks]}}, or {{IPA|[t̪æŋks]}} in decreasing order of occurrence;{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} all are distinct from tanks {{IPA|[tʰæŋks]}}. The {{IPA|[t̪]}} variant has a weakish articulation. The {{IPA|/t-θ/}} opposition may be lost, exceptionally in the environment of a following {{IPA|/r/}} (making three homophonous with tree), and in the case of the word with, (so that with a may rhyme with the non-rhotic pronunciation of "bitter-bidder"; with you may be {{IPA|[wɪtʃuː]}}, following the same yod-coalescence rule as hit you. These pronunciations are all stigmatized.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

The {{IPA|[d-ð]}} opposition seems to be lost more readily, though not as readily as the "Brooklynese" stereotype might lead one to believe. As in many other places, initial {{IPA|[ð]}} is subject to assimilation or deletion in a range of environments in relatively informal and/or popular speech, e.g. who's there {{IPA|[huːz (z)ɛə]}}; as in many other places, it is also subject to stopping there {{IPA|/dɛə/}}. This option extends to one or two words in which the {{IPA|/ð/}} is not initial, e.g. other, which can thus become a homonym of utter-udder. But it would not be usual for southern to be pronounced identically with sudden or breathe with breed.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

African American Vernacular English

In African American Vernacular English, in the words with and nothing, {{IPA|[t]}} may occur corresponding to standard {{IPA|[θ]}}, with the [t] itself being succeeded by the t-glottalization rule: thus {{IPA|[wɪʔ]}} for with and {{IPA|[ˈnʌʔɪn]}} for nothing.[2]{{rp|83}} Th-stopping is also reported for some other non-initial {{IPA|[θ]}}s, apparently particularly when preceded by a nasal and followed by a plosive, as keep your mouth closed.[2]{{rp|90}} In initial position, {{IPA|[θ]}} occurs in AAVE just as in standard accents: thin is {{IPA|[θɪn]}}, without the stopping of West Indian accents.[3] Stopping of initial {{IPA|[ð]}}, however, is frequent making then homophonous with den.

Frequency in other accents

Th-stopping is also commonly heard, specifically from speakers of working-class origins, in the American English dialects of the Inland North (for example, in Milwaukee, Chicago, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Scranton), the Upper Midwest (for example in the especially Fennoscandian-descended locals of Minnesota's Iron Range and Michigan's Upper Peninsula), and Mid-Atlantic region (for example, in Philadelphia and Baltimore),[4] It is also heard in a minority of speakers of England's Estuary dialect (for example, in London), but only in case of the word-initial {{IPA|/ð/}}.[5] Many speakers of Philippine English and some speakers of other variants in Asia also have th-stopping.

Homophonous pairs

/t, d//θ, ð/IPANotes
ate eighth ˈeɪt}}
Bart bath ˈbɑːt}} Non-rhotic accents with trap-bath split.
bat bath ˈbæt}} Without trap-bath split.
bayed bathe ˈbeɪd}}
bet Beth ˈbɛt}}
bladder blather ˈblædə(ɹ)}}
blight Blythe ˈblaɪt}}
blitter blither ˈblɪɾə(ɹ)}} With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
boat both ˈboʊt}}
body bothy ˈbɒɾi}}Without lot-cloth split and with intervocalic alveolar flapping.
boot booth ˈbuːt}}
breed breathe ˈbɹiːd}}
Brett breath ˈbɹɛt}}
brought broth ˈbrɔːt}}/ˈbrɒt/}} in some accents.
cedar seether ˈsiːdə(ɹ)}}
cent synth ˈsɪnt}} With pen-pin merger.
cite scythe ˈsaɪt}}
clot cloth ˈklɒt}} Without cot–caught merger.
coot couth ˈkuːt}}
Dan than ˈdæn}}
dare their ˈdeə(ɹ)}}
dare there ˈdeə(ɹ)}}
day they ˈdeɪ}}
debt death ˈdɛt}}
Dee the ˈdiː}}The before vowels and silent H.
Dee thee ˈdiː}}
den then ˈdɛn}}
dense thence ˈdɛns}}
dents thence ˈdɛn(t)s}}
dhow thou ˈdaʊ}}
die thy ˈdaɪ}}
dine thine ˈdaɪn}}
dirt dearth ˈdɜː(ɹ)t}} with fern-fir-fur merger.
dis this ˈdɪs}}
doe though ˈdoʊ}}
does those ˈdoʊz}}
dough though ˈdoʊ}}
dow thou ˈdaʊ}}
dow though ˈdoʊ}}
drought drouth ˈdɹaʊt}}
dye thy ˈdaɪ}}
eater either ˈiːɾə(ɹ)}}
eater ether ˈiːtə(ɹ)}}
eight eighth ˈeɪt}}
fate faith ˈfeɪt}}
fetter feather ˈfɛɾə(ɹ)}} With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
fit fifth ˈfɪt}}fifth as {{IPA>/ˈfɪft/}}.
fodder father ˈfɑːdə(ɹ)}} With father-bother merger.
fort forth ˈfɔː(ɹ)t}}
fort fourth ˈfɔː(ɹ)t}}
fraught froth ˈfɹɔːt}} With lot-cloth split.
frot froth ˈfɹɒt}} Without lot-cloth split.
got goth, Goth ˈɡɒt}}
groat growth ˈɡɹoʊt}}
hart hearth ˈhɑː(ɹ)t}}
header heather ˈhɛdə(ɹ)}}
heart hearth ˈhɑː(ɹ)t}}
heat heath ˈhiːt}}
hitter hither ˈhɪɾə(ɹ)}} With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
hurt earth ˈɜː(ɹ)t}} With H-dropping and fern-fir-fur merger.
Ida either ˈaɪdə}} Non-rhotic accents.
knead neath ˈniːd}}
kneader neither ˈniːdə(ɹ)}}
kneed neath ˈniːd}}
ladder lather ˈlædə(ɹ)}}
lade lathe ˈleɪd}}
laid lathe ˈleɪd}}
latter lather ˈlæɾə(ɹ)}}With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
letter leather ˈlɛɾə(ɹ)}}
lied lithe ˈlaɪd}}
load loathe ˈloʊd}}
lout Louth ˈlaʊt}}
martyr Martha ˈmɑːtə}} Non-rhotic accents.
mat math ˈmæt}}
mead Meath ˈmiːd}}
meat Meath ˈmiːt}}
meet Meath ˈmiːt}}
mete Meath ˈmiːt}}
mit myth ˈmɪt}}
mutter mother ˈmʌɾə(ɹ)}} With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
naught north ˈnɔːt}} Non-rhotic accents.
neater neither ˈniːɾə(ɹ)}} With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
neat neath ˈniːt}}
need neath ˈniːd}}
oat oath ˈoʊt}}
oats oaths ˈoʊts}}
odes oaths ˈoʊdz}}
pads paths ˈpædz}} Without trap-bath split.
paid pathe ˈpeɪd}}
part path ˈpɑːt}}Non-rhotic accents with trap-bath split.
parts paths ˈpɑːts}}
pat path ˈpæt}}Without trap-bath split.
pats paths ˈpæts}}
pit pith ˈpɪt}}
pity pithy ˈpɪti}}
rat wrath ˈɹæt}} Without trap-bath split.
rate wraith ˈɹeɪt}}
read wreathe ˈɹiːd}}
reads wreathes ˈɹiːdz}}
reads wreaths ˈɹiːdz}}
reed wreathe ˈɹiːd}}
reeds wreathes ˈɹiːdz}}
reeds wreaths ˈɹiːdz}}
ride writhe ˈɹaɪd}}
rot Roth ˈɹɒt}} Without lot-cloth split.
root ruth, Ruth ˈɹuːt}}With yod-dropping.
Some accents pronounce root as {{IPA|/ˈɹʊt/}}.
route ruth, Ruth ˈɹuːt}}
scent synth ˈsɪnt}} With pen-pin merger.
seed seethe ˈsiːd}}
seeder seether ˈsiːdə(ɹ)}}
sent synth ˈsɪnt}} With pen-pin merger.
set saith ˈsɛt}}
set Seth ˈsɛt}}
she'd sheathe ˈʃiːd}}
sheet sheath ˈʃiːt}}
side scythe ˈsaɪd}}
sight scythe ˈsaɪt}}
sit Sith ˈsɪt}}
site scythe ˈsaɪt}}
smit smith ˈsmɪt}}
smite Smyth ˈsmaɪt}}
spilt spilth ˈspɪlt}}
soot sooth ˈsuːt}}soot as {{IPA>/ˈsʊt/}}.
sudden southern ˈsʌdən}} Non-rhotic accents.
sued soothe ˈsuːd}} With yod-dropping.
suede swathe ˈsweɪd}}swathe as {{IPA>/ˈswɒd/}}.
suit sooth ˈsuːt}} With yod-dropping.
swat swath ˈswɒt}} Without lot-cloth split.
swayed swathe ˈsweɪd}}swathe as {{IPA>/ˈswɒd/}}.
tank thank ˈtæŋk}}
taught thought ˈtɔːt}}
teat teeth ˈtiːt}}
tent tenth ˈtɛnt}}
Thai thigh ˈtaɪ}}
tick thick ˈtɪk}}
tide tithe ˈtaɪd}}
tie thigh ˈtaɪ}}
tied tithe ˈtaɪd}}
tin thin ˈtɪn}}
toot tooth ˈtuːt}}
tor thaw ˈtɔː}} Non-rhotic accents.
tor Thor ˈtɔː(ɹ)}}
tore thaw ˈtɔː}} Non-rhotic accents with horse-hoarse merger.
tore Thor ˈtɔː(ɹ)}} With horse-hoarse merger.
torn thorn ˈtɔː(ɹ)n}} With horse-hoarse merger.
tort thought ˈtɔː(ɹ)t}} Non-rhotic accents.
trash thrash ˈtɹæʃ}}
trawl thrall ˈtɹɔːl}}
tread thread ˈtɹɛd}}
tree three ˈtɹiː}}
true threw ˈtɹuː, ˈtɹɪu}}
true through ˈtɹuː}} With yod-dropping.
tum thumb ˈtʌm}}
tump thump ˈtʌmp}}
turd third ˈtɜː(ɹ)d}} With fern-fir-fur merger.
udder other ˈʌdə(ɹ)}}
utter other ˈʌɾə(ɹ)}} With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
Utes youths ˈjuːts}}
welt wealth ˈwɛlt}}
wetter weather ˈwɛɾə(ɹ)}} With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
wit width ˈwɪt}}
wit with ˈwɪt}}
wordy worthy ˈwɜː(ɹ)di, ˈwʌɹdi}}
wort worth ˈwɜː(ɹ)t, ˈwʌɹt}}wort as {{IPA>/ˈwɔː(ɹ)t/}}.
wrought Roth ˈɹɔːt}} With lot-cloth split.

See also

  • List of Th-stopping homophones

References

1. ^{{cite book|last=Wells|first=J.C.|title=The British Isles|series=Accents of English|year=1989|publisher=University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521285407|volume=2|pages=565–66, 635}}
2. ^{{cite journal | doi=10.2307/412325 | issn=0097-8507 | volume=46 | issue=3 | pages=764 | author=Wolfram, Walter A. | title=A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech | journal=Language | date= September 1970 | jstor=412325}}
3. ^Wolfram 1969, p. 130, does however mention the use of 'a lenis {{IPA|[t]}}' as a rare variant.
4. ^{{cite book|title=How Friendly Are the Natives? An Evaluation of Native-Speaker Judgements of Foreign-Accented British and American English|last=van den Doel|first=Rias|year=2006|publisher=Landelijke onderzoekschool taalwetenschap (Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics)|page=268|url=http://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/13381/Doel-13-completetext.pdf}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=How Friendly Are the Natives? An Evaluation of Native-Speaker Judgements of Foreign-Accented British and American English|last=van den Doel|first=Rias|year=2006|publisher=Landelijke onderzoekschool taalwetenschap (Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics)|page=251|url=http://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/13381/Doel-13-completetext.pdf}}
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3 : English phonology|Splits and mergers in English phonology|English th

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