| 词条 | Thyolo | ||||||||
| 释义 |
|official_name = Thyolo |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = |motto = |image_skyline = MW-Thyolo.png |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = Map of the district of Thyolo in Malawi |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Malawi |pushpin_mapsize=240 |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Malawi |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Malawi}} |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = Southern Region |subdivision_type2 = District |subdivision_name2 = Thyolo District |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2008 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 7 029 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = +2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|16|04|S|35|08|E|region:MW|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank1_name_sec2 = Climate |blank1_info_sec2 = Cwa |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }}Thyolo is a town located in the Southern Region of Malawi. It is the administrative capital of Thyolo District. Traditional Authority Mphuka in Thyolo District is one of the 10 Traditional Authorities in Thyolo District in Malawi.[2] There are a number of non sustainable activities that communities in the area do that are detrimental to development.[3] Malawi being an agricultural based economy production is dependent on natural resources whose availability and stability cannot be guaranteed in the area. Livelihoods are affected by non sustainable practices such as wanton cutting down of trees, shifting cultivation, and poor agricultural practices. The drivers of deforestation and soil erosion are interrelated with growing human population, increased demand of firewood and limited job opportunities being the main ones. The State of Environment Report of 2000 for the district identified five pressing environmental issues for the district and these included: overpopulation, encroachment in water catchment areas, poor public place sanitation, declining fish catch from natural water bodies and loss of biodiversity. One other thing that has exacerbated the social economic status of the people in this district is the introduction of tea estates a long time ago which took almost all cultivatable land away from the inhabitants leaving them only with casual labouring in the estates as an alternative for survival. The estates do little, if not nothing, for the lives of these vulnerable people. Geography of the areaThyolo District is located in southern region of Malawi on the Shire highlands. It borders Mulanje to the east, Blantyre to north, and Nsanje to the south. Thyolo receives an average total rainfall of {{convert|1125|mm|0|abbr=on}} per year. The terrain in Thyolo District is transverse. The climate is dry and with savanna type of vegetation. Generally the area terrain is sloppy surrounded by mountains and rivers/streams. The soil is roam clay and some parts are rocky. TA Mphuka is about 40 kilometres from Thyolo District Council (60 km from Luchenza). The road network is relatively good but the quality of the roads is poor. This is compounded by the undulating nature of the plain that is characterised by steep descents and the rocky formation of the road surface. {{Weather box|location = Thyolo (1961–1990) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan high C = 27.7 |Feb high C = 27.5 |Mar high C = 27.0 |Apr high C = 25.7 |May high C = 24.4 |Jun high C = 22.4 |Jul high C = 22.2 |Aug high C = 24.8 |Sep high C = 27.9 |Oct high C = 30.0 |Nov high C = 29.8 |Dec high C = 28.2 |year high C = 26.5 |Jan mean C = 22.5 |Feb mean C = 22.5 |Mar mean C = 21.9 |Apr mean C = 20.6 |May mean C = 18.5 |Jun mean C = 16.2 |Jul mean C = 16.2 |Aug mean C = 16.4 |Sep mean C = 18.0 |Oct mean C = 20.9 |Nov mean C = 22.9 |Dec mean C = 23.2 |year mean C = 20.0 |Jan low C = 18.7 |Feb low C = 18.6 |Mar low C = 18.2 |Apr low C = 16.6 |May low C = 13.5 |Jun low C = 11.4 |Jul low C = 11.1 |Aug low C = 12.0 |Sep low C = 14.1 |Oct low C = 16.8 |Nov low C = 18.1 |Dec low C = 18.7 |year low C = 15.7 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 225.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 218.2 |Mar precipitation mm = 218.0 |Apr precipitation mm = 97.4 |May precipitation mm = 28.7 |Jun precipitation mm = 29.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 30.1 |Aug precipitation mm = 13.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 9.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 42.9 |Nov precipitation mm = 101.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 244.0 |year precipitation mm = 1257.8 |Jan humidity = 82 |Feb humidity = 84 |Mar humidity = 84 |Apr humidity = 81 |May humidity = 77 |Jun humidity = 78 |Jul humidity = 77 |Aug humidity = 69 |Sep humidity = 59 |Oct humidity = 62 |Nov humidity = 68 |Dec humidity = 80 |year humidity = 75 |unit precipitation days = 0.3 mm |Jan precipitation days = 18 |Feb precipitation days = 16 |Mar precipitation days = 17 |Apr precipitation days = 11 |May precipitation days = 7 |Jun precipitation days = 7 |Jul precipitation days = 6 |Aug precipitation days = 4 |Sep precipitation days = 2 |Oct precipitation days = 5 |Nov precipitation days = 10 |Dec precipitation days = 16 |year precipitation days = 119 |Jan sun = 189.1 |Feb sun = 173.6 |Mar sun = 195.3 |Apr sun = 210.0 |May sun = 232.5 |Jun sun = 207.0 |Jul sun = 217.0 |Aug sun = 260.4 |Sep sun = 264.0 |Oct sun = 266.6 |Nov sun = 231.0 |Dec sun = 176.7 |year sun = 2623.2 |Jand sun = 6.1 |Febd sun = 6.2 |Mard sun = 6.3 |Aprd sun = 7.0 |Mayd sun = 7.5 |Jund sun = 6.9 |Juld sun = 7.0 |Augd sun = 8.4 |Sepd sun = 8.8 |Octd sun = 8.6 |Novd sun = 7.7 |Decd sun = 5.7 |yeard sun = |source 1 = NOAA[5] }} Population of the areaThere are 39 villages in TA Mphuka. These villages fall under 5 Group Village Headmen (GVH) also known as Village Development Committees (VDC) and 1 sub VDC.[6] Average household size is 4.2. There is an approximate total population of 63,710 in 15,071 households in scattered nuclear settlements. The majority of the people are Amang’anja and partly Alomwe tribes. Demographics
Environmental ChallengesSevere and widespread environmental degradation is taking place in TA Mphuka and surrounding areas.[8] The main root cause of environmental degradation in the area is poverty coupled with dwindling crop production due to scarcity of land for agricultural activities. This problem has forced the local communities to encroach the forest reserve and cultivate in the buffer zone of the rivers and streams. Effects of deforestationThe deforestation has resulted to siltation on the rivers hence reducing the quantity of water in the rivers. The quarterly flows measures being undertaken by Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development in conjunction with Thyolo District Council through District Coordination Team (DCT) quarterly flow measure report of October to December 2010 revealed that flows are declining. The depletion of natural resources at Mphuka is causing a series of problems which include; poor quality of water supply hence high incidences of water borne diseases within the area and loss of biodiversity. There are cultivations in the river beds and banks which are deterimental to biodiversity. The practice accelerates siltation and the rivers will eventually dry up. It is feared that if pragmatic measures are not put in place to address this problem, it can become worse. Major causes of environmental degradationThe major causes of this environmental degradation include poverty and high population growth. Some of the notable environmental problems in Mphuka include:
In addition, deforestation and agricultural expansion taking place in Mphuka due to population growth has lowered the water table of the entire Mphuka Area. Besides poverty and low crop production, it appears that general lack of environmental education and communication has also compounded the spread of environmental degradation. It was envisaged that many people think that nature takes care of itself hence no need for local communities to conserve environment. It is therefore believed that local communities' needs, assets, interests, and aspirations are taken into account, and there is need to promote and yield substantial and long lasting solutions to nature conservation in the area for the benefit of the present and future generations. References1. ^ 2. ^Traditional authority (also known as traditional domination) is a form of leadership in which the authority of an organization or a ruling regime is largely tied to tradition or custom. The main reason for the given state of affairs is that it 'has always been that way. 3. ^Bell and Morse (2003) "An opportunity that promotes capabilities of people in the present on economic, social and environment without compromising the capabilities of future generations" (p. 2). Measuring sustainability: Learning from doing. London: Earthscan 4. ^https://agnesmizere80.wordpress.com/2013/12/01/mwala-wa-mthunzi-rock-of-the-shadeshadow/ 5. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MW/67793.TXT| title = Thyolo Climate Normals 1961–1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = 10 August 2016}} 6. ^http://www.wawamalawi.com/Village_Development_Committees: Is the lower administrative part of its local development ministry. Each district has several VDCs, similar to municipalities but with greater public-government interaction and administration. Retrieved on 19 February 2013. 7. ^World Gazetteer: Malawi: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population 8. ^Honadle, G. and VanSant, J. (1985). Implementation of sustainability. Lessons from integrated rural development. West Hartford: Kumarian Press: Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife. It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. Bell and Morse (2003). Measuring sustainability: Learning from doing. London: Earthscan Honadle, G. and VanSant, J. (1985). Implementation of sustainability. Lessons from integrated rural development. West Hartford: Kumarian Press Official Website for the Government of the Republic of Malawi (2013). Districts of Malawi (Retrieved on 19 February 2013) www.malawi.gov.mw National Statistical Office(2008) Population and Housing Report (2013 ) (Retrieved on 19 February 2013) www.unstats.un.org/org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010 2 : Populated places in Malawi|Populated places in Southern Region, Malawi |
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