| 词条 | First contact (anthropology) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
In anthropology, first contact is the first meeting of two cultures previously unaware of one another.{{sfn|Scuppin|2014|page= 1}}[1][2] Notable examples of first contact are those between the Spanish Empire and the Arawak (and ultimately all of the Americas) in 1492; and the Aboriginal Australians with Europeans in 1788 when the First Fleet arrived in Sydney.{{sfn|Scuppin|2014|page= 1}} Such contact is sometimes described as a "discovery", such as the British and United States did with the legal theory using a "Doctrine of Discovery.[3] It is generally the more technologically complex society that is able to travel to new geographic regions to make contact with those more isolated, less technologically developed societies.[4] However, some object to the application of such a word to human beings, which is why "first contact" is generally preferred. The use of the term "discovery" tends to occur more in reference to geography than cultures; for an example of a common discovery debate, see Discoverer of the Americas.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} ConsequencesThe historical record indicates that when one culture is significantly more technologically advanced than the other, this side will be favored by the disruptive nature of conflict, often with dire consequences for the other society. However the introduction of disease plays a critical role in this process. More isolated peoples who lived across broader territories in low density succumbed to the illnesses brought from the comparatively higher density of Europe. The Indigenous populations simply had not had the time to develop immunity to the multiple foreign diseases, all introduced at once, for which the more urbanised European populations had had many years to develop some population immunity to.[5] Furthermore, this process was enhanced via the colonisers' intentional spread of disease as a biological weapon, one notable example of this being in North America with the colonisers giving Native American tribes smallpox-infested blankets as gifts. Marshall Sahlins' work [https://books.google.com.au/books/about/Islands_of_History.html?id=ScuTytmgE6MC Islands of History] uses an ethnohistorical perspective to attempt to come to grips with the way that non-European peoples saw the first contact phenomenon. In it he argues that native people, while being changed by contact with Europeans, nonetheless did so through their own cultural frame of reference. Notable examplesNumerous important instances of first contact have occurred without detailed contemporary recording recordings across Eurasia and Africa. Including the 330 BC invasions of Alexander the Great from Persia to India and the establishment of Romano-Chinese relations in the 100s AD, however, well established trade routes from prehistoric times meant that many of these cultures would have been aware of the other before meeting.{{Expand list|date=January 2019}}
See also
ReferencesCitations1. ^{{cite book|author=Serge Tcherkezoff|title=First Contacts in Polynesia - the Samoan Case (1722-1848): Western Misunderstandings about Sexuality and Divinity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVIduk23-BMC&pg=PA1|date=1 August 2008|publisher=ANU E Press|isbn=978-1-921536-02-1|page=1}} 2. ^{{cite book|author1=Joshua A. Bell|author2=Alison K. Brown|author3=Robert J. Gordon|title=Recreating First Contact: Expeditions, Anthropology, and Popular Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKxqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT128|date=6 November 2013|publisher=Smithsonian|isbn=978-1-935623-24-3|page=128}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Suzan Shown Harjo|title=Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqpqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT39|date=30 September 2014|publisher=Smithsonian|isbn=978-1-58834-479-3|page=39}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Jean Stockard|title=Sociology: Discovering Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPXVm_VpZT8C|year=2000|publisher=Wadsworth|page= 512|isbn=978-0-534-56521-3}} 5. ^http://rdcu.be/vwH4 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/page-2|title=2. – European discovery of New Zealand – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|date=|website=teara.govt.nz|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-15}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/camp_cove?zoom_highlight=first+fleet|title=Camp Cove|last=Derrincourt|first=Robin|work=Dictionary of Sydney|accessdate=24 November 2013}} 8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=V2AxDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=morori+king&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZxfjL05bgAhWXf30KHaylCTsQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=morori%20king&f=false|title=Moriori: A People Rediscovered|last=King|first=Michael|date=2017-09-01|publisher=Penguin UK|year=|isbn=9780143771289|location=|pages=39–42|language=en}} 9. ^{{Citation|last=Griffin|first=James|title=Leahy, Michael James (Mick) (1901–1979)|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/leahy-michael-james-mick-7134|work=Australian Dictionary of Biography|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|access-date=2019-01-15}} Sources 2 : Anthropology|Uncontacted peoples |
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