“Tibetan pinyin”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Tibetan pinyin

释义

Overview
Onsets overview Vowels and final consonant
Single syllable orthography
Onsets Rimes
Intersyllable influence
Onset variation Coda variation Examples
Examples
See also
Notes
References

Pö yig Kigajor}}}->

The SASM/GNC/SRC romanization of Tibetan, commonly known as Tibetan pinyin, is the official transcription system for the Tibetan language in the People's Republic of China for personal names and place names.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} It is based on the Lhasa dialect of Standard Tibetan and reflects the pronunciation{{cn|date=January 2016}} except that it does not mark tone. It is used within China{{Citation needed|reason=Source needed to support this claim that it is used within China|date=February 2019}} as an alternative to the Wylie transliteration for writing Tibetan in the Latin script{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} within academic circles; Wylie transliteration (with a v replacing the apostrophe) is more commonly used.

Overview

Onsets overview

Independent onsets in the initial syllable of a word are transcribed as follows:

ཀ་}}	ཁ་ ག་}}	ང་}}	ཅ་}}	ཆ་ ཇ་}}	ཉ་}}	ཏ་}}	ཐ་ ད་}}	ན་}}	པ་}}	ཕ་ བ་}}	མ་}}	ཙ་}}	ཚ་ ཛ་}}	ཝ་}}	ཞ་ ཤ་}}	ཟ་ ས་}}	ཡ་}}	ར་}}	ལ་}}	ཧ་}}	ཀྱ་}}	ཁྱ་ གྱ་}}	ཀྲ་}}	ཁྲ་ གྲ་}}	ཧྲ་}}	ལྷ་}}	རྷ་}}
g	k	ng	j	q	ny	d	t	n	b	p	m	z	c	w	x	s	y	r	l	h	gy	ky	zh	ch	sh	lh	rh

For more general case, see #Onsets.

Vowels and final consonant

The 17 vowels of the Lhasa dialect are represented in as follows:

IPA	Tibetan pinyin	IPA	Tibetan pinyin
i}}	i	ĩ}}	in
e}}	ê	ẽ}}	en
ɛ}}	ai/ä	ɛ̃}}	ain/än
a}}	a	ã}}	an
u}}	u	ũ}}	un
o}}	o	õ}}	on
ɔ}}	o
y}}	ü	ỹ}}	ün
ø}}	oi/ö	ø̃}}	oin/ön

Ending a syllable, -r is usually not pronounced, but it lengthens the preceding vowel. In the same place, -n usually nasalises the preceding vowel. Consonants at the end of a syllable are transcribed as follows:

IPA	Tibetan pinyin
p}}	b
ʔ}}	g/—
r}}	r
m}}	m
ŋ}}	ng

Single syllable orthography

The tone of a syllable depends mostly on its initial consonant. In this table, each initial is given in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) with the vowel a and a tone mark to present tone register (high/low).

Onsets

Below is a comprehensive transcription table of onsets of an initial syllable of a word. If the syllable to transcribe is not the first syllable of a word, see #Onset variation.

IPA	Wylie transliteration	Tibetan pinyin
pá}}	p, sp, dp, lp	b
pà}}	rb, sb, sbr	b
mpà}}	lb, ’b	b
pʰá}}	ph, ’ph	p
pʰà}}	b	p
má}}	rm, sm, dm, smr	m
mà}}	m, mr	m
wà}}	w, db, b^[1]	w
tá}}	t, rt, lt, st, tw, gt, bt, brt, blt, bst, bld	d
ntá}}	lth	d
tà}}	rd, sd, gd, bd, brd, bsd	d
ntà}}	zl, bzl, ld, md, ’d	d
tʰá}}	th, mth, ’th	t
tʰà}}	d, dw	t
ná}}	rn, sn, gn, brn, bsn, mn	n
nà}}	n	n
lá}}	kl, gl, bl, rl, sl, brl, bsl	l
là}}	l, lw	l
l̥á}}	lh	lh
tsá}}	ts, rts, sts, rtsw, stsw, gts, bts, brts, bsts	z
tsà}}	rdz, gdz, brdz	z
ntsà}}	mdz, ’dz	z
tsʰá}}	tsh, tshw, mtsh, ’tsh	c
tsʰà}}	dz	c
sá}}	s, sr, sw, gs, bs, bsr	s
sà}}	z, zw, gz, bz	s
ʈʂá}}	kr, rkr, lkr, skr, tr, pr, lpr, spr, dkr, dpr, bkr, bskr, bsr	zh
ʈʂà}}	rgr, lgr, sgr, dgr, dbr, bsgr, rbr, lbr, sbr	zh
ɳʈʂà}}	mgr, ’gr, ’dr, ’br	zh
ʈʂʰá}}	khr, thr, phr, mkhr, ’khr, ’phr	ch
ʈʂʰà}}	gr, dr, br, grw	ch
ʂá}}	hr	sh
rà}}	r, rw	r
r̥á}}	rh	rh
cá}}	ky, rky, lky, sky, dky, bky, brky, bsky	gy
cà}}	rgy, lgy, sgy, dgy, bgy, brgy, bsgy	gy
ɲcà}}	mgy, ’gy	gy
cʰá}}	khy, mkhy, ’khy	ky
cʰà}}	gy	ky
tɕá}}	c, cw, gc, bc, lc, py, lpy, spy, dpy	j
tɕà}}	rby, lby, sby, rj, gj, brj, dby	j
ɲtɕà}}	lj, mj, ’j, ’by	j
tɕʰá}}	ch, mch, ’ch, phy, ’phy	q
tɕʰà}}	j, by	q
ɕá}}	sh, shw, gsh, bsh	x
ɕà}}	zh, zhw, gzh, bzh	x
ɲá}}	rny, sny, gny, brny, bsny, mny, nyw, rmy, smy	ny
ɲà}}	ny, my	ny
já}}	g.y	y
jà}}	y	y
ká}}	k, rk, lk, sk, kw, dk, bk, brk, bsk	g
kà}}	rg, lg, sg, dg, bg, brg, bsg	g
ŋkà}}	lg, mg, ’g	g
kʰá}}	kh, khw, mkh, ’kh	k
kʰà}}	g, gw	k
ŋá}}	rng, lng, sng, dng, brng, bsng, mng	ng
ŋà}}	ng	ng
ʔá}}	—, db	—
ʔà}}	’	—
há}}	h, hw	h

Rimes

Below is a comprehensive transcription table of rimes of a final syllable of a word, with IPA transcription for the Lhasa dialect.^[2] If the syllable to transcribe is not the final syllable of a word, see Coda variation.

Take "ཨ" to be the consonant (not "◌").

ཨ།}}	ཨའུ།}}	ཨར།}}	ཨལ། ཨའི།}}	ཨག། ཨགས།}}	ཨབ། ཨབས།}}	ཨད། ཨས།}}	ཨང༌། ཨངས།}}	ཨམ། ཨམས།}}	ཨན།}}
a	au	ar	ai/ä	ag	ab	ai/ä	ang	am	ain/än
[a]}}	[au̯]}}	[aː]}}	[ɛ:]}}	[aʡ]}}	[əp̚]}}	[ɛ]}}	[aŋ]}}	[am]}}	[ɛ̃ː]}}
ཨི།}}	ཨིའུ། ཨེའུ།}}	ཨིར།}}	ཨིལ། ཨའི།}}	ཨིག། ཨིགས།}}	ཨིབ། ཨིབས།}}	ཨིད། ཨིས།}}	ཨིང༌། ཨིངས།}}	ཨིམ། ཨིམས།}}	ཨིན།}}
i	iu	ir	i	ig	ib	i	ing	im	in
[i]}}	[iu̯]}}	[iː]}}	[iː]}}	[iʡ]}}	[ip̚]}}	[i]}}	[iŋ]}}	[im]}}	[ĩː]}}
ཨུ།}}	ཨུར།}}	ཨུལ། ཨུའི།}}	ཨུག། ཨུགས།}}	ཨུབ། ཨུབས།}}	ཨུད། ཨུས།}}	ཨུང༌། ཨུངས།}}	ཨུམ། ཨུམས།}}	ཨུན།}}
u	ur	ü	ug	ub	ü	ung	um	ün
[u]}}	[uː]}}	[yː]}}	[uʡ]}}	[up̚]}}	[y]}}	[uŋ]}}	[um]}}	[ỹː]}}
ཨེ།}}	ཨེར།}}	ཨེལ། ཨེའི།}}	ཨེག། ཨེགས།}}	ཨེབ། ཨེབས།}}	ཨེད། ཨེས།}}	ཨེང༌། ཨེངས།}}	ཨེམ། ཨེམས།}}	ཨེན།}}
ê	êr	ê	êg	êb	ê	êng	êm	ên
[e]}}	[eː]}}	[eː]}}	[eʡ]}}	[ep̚]}}	[e]}}	[eŋ]}}	[em]}}	[ẽː]}}
ཨོ།}}	ཨོར།}}	ཨོལ། ཨོའི།}}	ཨོག། ཨོགས།}}	ཨོབ། ཨོབས།}}	ཨོད། ཨོས།}}	ཨོང༌། ཨོངས།}}	ཨོམ། ཨོམས།}}	ཨོན།}}
o	or	oi/ö	og	ob	oi/ö	ong	om	oin/ön
[o]}}	[oː]}}	[øː]}}	[oʡ]}}	[op̚]}}	[ø]}}	[oŋ]}}	[om]}}	[ø̃ː]}}

Intersyllable influence

Onset variation

Bare low aspirated variation

k, q, t, p, x, s, ky, ch become g, j, d, b, ?, ?, gy, zh respectively
pa (་བ) and po (་བོ) become wa and wo respectively

Coda variation

Ngoinjug of next syllable

Prenasalization of next syllable

Examples

Sometimes there is intersyllablic influence:

Tibetan script	Tibetan pinyin	Wylie (EWTS)	Lhasa IPA	Explanation
མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ།}}	Mapam Yumco	ma-pham g.yu-mtsho	mapʰam jumtsʰo\|}}	forward shift of prefix མ
ཁྲ་འབྲུག་དགོན་པ།}}	Changzhug Gönba	khra-’brug dgon-pa	ʈ͡ʂʰaŋʈ͡ʂ˭uk k˭ø̃p˭a\|}}

Examples

Tibetan Script	Wylie	Tibetan pinyin	Tournadre	other transcriptions
གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ}}	Gzhis-ka-rtse	Xigazê	Zhikatse	Shigatse, Shikatse
བཀྲ་ཤིས་ལྷུན་པོ་}}	Bkra-shis-lhun-po	Zhaxilhünbo	Trashilhünpo	Tashilhunpo, Tashilhümpo, etc.
འབྲས་སྤུང་}}	’Bras-spung	Zhaibung	Dräpung	Drebung
ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་མཚན་}}	Chos-kyi Rgyal-mtshan	Qoigyi Gyaicain	Chökyi Gyältshän	Choekyi Gyaltsen
ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}}	Thub-bstan Rgya-mtsho	Tubdain Gyaco	Thuptän Gyatsho	Thubten Gyatso, Thubtan Gyatso, Thupten Gyatso

Notes

1. ^as in Namjagbarwa
2. ^{{cite web|last1=Brush|first1=Beaumont|title=The Status of Coronal in the Historical Development of Lhasa Tibetan Rhymes|url=http://www.sil.org/silewp/1997/001/silewp1997-001.pdf|publisher=SIL|accessdate=9 May 2015}}

References

Zhōngguó Shǎoshù mínzúyǔ dìmíng hànyǔ pīnyīn Zìmǔ yīnyì zhuǎnxiěfǎ 中国少数民族语地名汉语拼音字母音译转写法{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}
Guójiā cèhuìjú dìmíng yánjiūsuǒ 国家测绘局地名研究所 (Institute for Place Names of the State Survey Bureau; ed.). Zhōngguó dìmínglù 中国地名录 / Gazetteer of China. (Beijing, SinoMaps Press 中国地图出版社 1997); {{ISBN|7-5031-1718-4}}. Contains official spellings for place names.
Zàngwén Pīnyīn Jiàocái – Lāsàyīn 藏文拼音教材•拉萨音 / bod yig gi sgra sbyor slob deb, lha sa'i skad (Course in the Pöyig Kigajor of Lhasa dialect; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 1983), {{ISBN|7-105-02577-8}}. Pöyig Kigajor (ZWPY) is a modified version of the official transcription "Tibetan pinyin" (ZYPY), with tone letters.
Wylie, Turrell: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820134951/http://chris.fynn.googlepages.com/wylietranslitteration A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription] In: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 1959, p. 261-267.
David Germano, Nicolas Tournadre: THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Standard Tibetan (Tibetan & Himalayan Library, December 12, 2003).
The Transliteration and Transcription of Tibetan (Tibetan & Himalayan Library)
Romanization of Tibetan Geographical Names – UNGEGN

4 : Romanization of Tibetan|Latin alphabets|Tibet|Pinyin

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Overview

Onsets overview

Vowels and final consonant

Single syllable orthography

Onsets

Rimes

Intersyllable influence

Onset variation

Coda variation

Examples

Examples

See also

Notes

References