| 词条 | First Quebec Conference | ||||
| 释义 |
| name = First Quebec Conference | other_titles = Quadrant | image = Quebec conference 1943.png | alt = | caption = Mackenzie King, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at the First Quebec Conference | country = {{flag|Canada|1921}} | date = August 17–24, 1943 | motto = | venues = Citadelle of Quebec Château Frontenac | cities = Quebec City, Canada | participants = {{Flag|United Kingdom}} {{Flag|United States|1912}} | chairperson = | follows = | precedes = | website = | keypoints = }} The First Quebec Conference (codenamed "QUADRANT") was a highly secret military conference held during World War II between the British, Canadian,and United States governments. The conference was held in Quebec City, August 17, 1943 – August 24, 1943. It took place at the Citadelle and at the Château Frontenac. The chief representatives were Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt, hosted by the Canadian Prime Minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King.[1] ConferenceAlthough Churchill suggested that Mackenzie King be involved in all discussions, Roosevelt vetoed the idea.[2] As a result, Mackenzie King's hospitality was almost purely for ceremonial purposes.{{cn|date=February 2019}} Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, had been invited to join the conference, but he did not attend for military reasons.[3] The Allies agreed to begin discussions for the planning of the invasion of France, codenamed Operation Overlord, in a secret report by the Combined Chiefs of Staff. It was agreed that Overlord would commence on May 1, 1944, but this was subsequently disregarded and a later date was finalised.[4] However, Overlord was not the only option; for example, Operation Jupiter remained a strong possibility had the Germans proved too powerful on the French coast.[5] In the Mediterranean (a theatre on which Churchill was very keen) they resolved to concentrate more force to remove Italy from the alliance of Axis powers and to occupy it along with Corsica. Churchill and Roosevelt made it clear that they would only accept unconditional surrender from Italy, with there to be a complete and immediate cessation of fighting.[6] News came through of the fall of Sicily to Allied forces, an invasion that had taken just 38 days.[7] It was then decided that an invasion of Italy would begin on September 3, 1943. However, an armistice was signed that same day, which officially put Italy out of the war.[8] There were discussions about improving the coordination of efforts by the Americans, British, and Canadians to develop an atomic bomb. Churchill and Roosevelt, without Canadian input, signed the Quebec Agreement, stating that the nuclear technology would never be used against one another, that they would not use it against third parties without the consent of one another, but also that Tube Alloys would not be discussed with third parties. Canada, although not being represented at the particular meeting, played a key role in this agreement as she was a major source of uranium and heavy water, both essential in the atomic bomb.[9] It was decided that operations in the Balkans should be limited to supplying guerrillas, whereas operations against Japan would be intensified in order to exhaust Japanese resources, cut their communications lines, and secure forward bases from which the Japanese mainland could be attacked. In addition to the strategic discussions, which were communicated to the Soviet Union and to Chiang Kai-shek in China, the conference also issued a joint statement on Palestine, intended to calm tensions as the British occupation was becoming increasingly untenable. The conference also condemned German atrocities in Poland. It was clear that eliminating Italy from the war was the Allies' main priority; this was expected to be done by the end of 1943. Following this, the next hope was that Germany would be defeated by the fall of 1944, which would leave just Japan remaining among the Axis powers.[10] Following the conference, Churchill was on holiday at a fishing camp[11] and then, on August 31, 1943, delivered a radio address[12] before travelling by a special train that was going to Washington, D.C. to resume talks with Roosevelt.[13] [14] GallerySee also
References1. ^{{cite web |title=Quebec City: 400 Years of History |quote=Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King hosted Churchill and Roosevelt, but did not participate in the conferences. |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/celebrations/quebec-city-400-years-of-history/war-conference-at-quebec.html#tabs-2 |accessdate=2013-01-23 }} 2. ^{{Cite book|title = The Canadian Army and the Normandy: A Study of Failure in High Command|last = English|first = John A.|publisher = Praeger Publishers|year = 1991|isbn = 978-0275930196|location = London|pages = 31}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title = The World War II Conferences in Washington, D.C. and Quebec City: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill|last = Dewaters|first = Diane K.|publisher = University of Texas|year = 2008|isbn = |location = Arlington, Texas|pages = 115}} 4. ^{{Cite book|title = Winston Churchill and Mackenzie King: So Similar, So Different|last = Reardon|first = Terry|publisher = Dundurn Press|year = 2012|isbn = 978-1-4597-0590-6|location = Toronto|pages = 254}} 5. ^{{Cite book|title = The World War II Conferences in Washington, D.C. and Quebec City: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill|last = Dewaters|first = Diane K.|publisher = University of Texas|year = 2008|is= |location = Arlington, Texas|pages = 120}} 6. ^{{Cite book|title = The World War II Conferences in Washington, D.C. and Quebec City: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill|last = Dewaters|first = Diane K.|publisher = University of Texas|year = 2008|isbn = |location = Arlington, Texas|pages = 111}} 7. ^{{Cite book|title = Winston Churchill and Mackenzie King: So Similar, So Different|last = Reardon|first = Terry|publisher = Dundurn Press|year = 2012|isbn = 978-1-4597-0590-6|location = Toronto|pages = 256}} 8. ^{{Cite book|title = History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: Sicily - Salerno - Anzio: January 1943 - June 1944|last = Morison|first = Samuel Eliot|publisher = University of Illinois Press|year = 2002|isbn = 0-252-07039-9|location = Champaign, IL|pages = 239}} 9. ^{{Cite book|title = Winston Churchill and Mackenzie King: So Similar, So Different|last = Reardon|first = Terry|publisher = Dundurn Press|year = 2012|isbn = 978-1-4597-0590-6|location = Toronto|pages = 249–250}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url = http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll8/id/3694|title = Quadrant conference, August 1943: papers and minutes of meetings (digitised 2001)| date = 1943 |accessdate = 2015-10-23|website = Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library|publisher = Washington, DC : Joint History Office|last = Office, U.S. Secretary, Office of the Combined Chiefs of Staff|first = }} 11. ^{{cite news |date=1943-08-30 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JvouAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8dsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4060%2C5066505 |accessdate=2013-01-23 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |title=Mr. King Leaves Today For Quebec To Meet Churchill}} 12. ^{{cite news |date=1943-08-31 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JvouAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8dsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3918%2C5496828 |accessdate=2013-01-23 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |agency=CP |title=Text of Premier Churchill's Address}} 13. ^{{cite news |date=1943-09-01 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-bpSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EH0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5446%2C6588624 |accessdate=2013-01-23 |agency=UP |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |title=Churchill Urges Parley of Three Allied Nations}} 14. ^{{Cite book|title = Winston Churchill and Mackenzie King: So Similar, So Different|last = Reardon|first = Terry|publisher = Dundurn Press|year = 2012|isbn = 978-1-4597-5090-6|location = Toronto|pages = 254}} Further reading
External links{{commons category}}
13 : World War II conferences|History of Quebec City|Diplomatic conferences in Canada|1943 conferences|1943 in Canada|1943 in international relations|Canada–United States relations|United Kingdom–United States relations|Canada–United Kingdom relations|1943 in Quebec|August 1943 events|Events in Quebec City|20th century in Quebec City |
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