| 词条 | Timeline of labor issues and events |
| 释义 |
1600–99
1619 Jamestown Polish craftsmen strike.
Maine Indentured Servant's and Fisherman's Mutiny.[1]
Boston Coopers and Shoemakers form guilds.[1]
Virginia's Indentured Servants' Plot.[1]
Maryland Indentured Servants' Strike.[1]
Boston Ship Carpenters' Protest.[1]
Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia.[1]
New York City Carter's Strike.[1]
New York City Carter's Strike.[1] 1700–991740s
New York City Bakers' Strike.[1] 1760s
Florida Indentured Servants' Revolt.[1] 1770s
Hibernia, New Jersey, Ironworks Strike.[1]
Journeymen printers in New York combine to increase their wages.[1] 1780s
Holy Roman Emperor, Joseph II, issues the Serfdom Patent of 1781, to abolish serfdom throughout the Hapsburg lands. 1790s
Philadelphia carpenters conduct first strike in the building trades in the United States.[1]
Philadelphia has first local union in the United States organized to conduct collective bargaining.[1]
Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers formed in Philadelphia.[1]
Profit sharing originated at Albert Gallatin's glassworks in New Geneva, Pennsylvania.
Combination Act outlawed trade unionism and collective bargaining by workers.[2] 1800–991800s
Journeymen Cordwainer's union includes a closed-shop clause in its constitution in New York City.[1]
Commonwealth v. Pullis was the first known court case arising from a labor strike in the United States. After a three-day trial, the jury found the defendants guilty of "a combination to raise their wages" and fined.[1] 1810s
Food riots broke out in East Anglia. Workers demanded a double wage and for the setting of triple prices for food.[3] 1820s
The Combination Act of 1799 was repealed.[2]
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, Textile Strike.[1]
United Tailoresses of New York organized in New York City.[1]
Boston House Carpenter's Strike [1]
Mechanics' Union of Trades' Associations formed in Philadelphia.[1]
Philadelphia Carpenter's Strike.[1]
Workingmen's Party was organized in Philadelphia by the Mechanics' Union of Trades' Associations.[1][4]
Committee of Fifty, a group of prominent trade unionists in New York City, organized to resist efforts by business owners to revoke the 10-hour workday and reinstate the 11-hour workday.[5] Their efforts lead directly to the forming of the Workingmen's Party of New York.[5]
Workingmen's Party of New York formed.[1][5] 1830s
New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics, and other Workingmen formed.[6]
Twenty-three workers from Buckingham were sentenced to death for destruction of a paper machine by one of a number of Special Commissions sent to East Anglia to suppress insurgent workers by the Whig Ministry.[7]
Three workers in Dorset were sentenced to death for extorting money and two workers were sentenced to death for robbery by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers.[7] Fifty-five workers in Norwich were convicted of "machine breaking and rioting" by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers.[7] Three workers in Ipswich were convicted of extorting money by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers.[7] Twenty-six workers in Petworth were convicted of "machine breaking and rioting" by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers.[7] "Upwards of thirty" workers in Gloucester were convicted of "machine breaking and rioting" by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers.[7] Twenty-nine workers in Oxford were convicted of "machine breaking and rioting" by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers.[7]
Boston Ship Carpenters' Ten-Hour Strike.[6]
Lynn, Massachusetts' Shoebinders' Protest begins.[6]
The Tolpuddle Martyrs, agricultural workers who formed a trade union in Tolpuddle in Dorsetshire, were sentenced by a Whig Ministry Special Commission to transportation to a penal colony in Australia.[7]
National Trades' Union formed in New York when the New York General Trades' Union solicited labor organizations from around the country to send delegates to a national convention.[8] This union was the first attempt to create a national labor federation.[6]
Lowell, Massachusetts Mill Women's Strike.[6]
Manayunk, Pennsylvania Textile Strike.[6]
Carpenters, masons, and stone-cutters began a strike as part of the Ten-Hour Movement among skilled workers.[6] They drafted a strike circular in Boston outlining their demands and seeking assistance from other tradespeople. Wherever this circular was distributed, a strike in favor of the ten-hour workday erupted. The 1835 Philadelphia general strike, in which workers successfully struck for shorter working hours and higher wages, was influenced by the Boston circular.[9]
Textile workers, many of whom were children of Irish descent, launched the 1835 Paterson textile strike in the silk mills in Paterson, New Jersey fighting for the 11-hour day, 6 days a week.[6]
National Cooperative Association of Cordwainers formed in New York City. This association was the first national union for a specific craft.[6]
Llowell, Massachusetts, Mill Women's Strike.[6]
New York City Tailors' Strike.[6]
Philadelphia's Bookbinders' Strike.[6] 1840s
Ten-hour day for federal employees on federal public works projects without loss of pay established by President Martin Van Buren by executive order.[6][10]
Ten-hour Republican Association was formed by New England mechanics to pressure the Massachusetts legislature to establish a ten-hour workday throughout the state.[11]
Commonwealth v. Hunt was a landmark legal decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on the subject of labor unions. Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw ruled that unions were legal organizations and had the right to organize and strike. Before this decision, labor unions which attempted to 'close' or create a unionized workplace could be charged with conspiracy.[6] See Commonwealth v. Pullis
Lowell Female Labor Reform Association formed.[6]
Fall River Mechanics' Association established 'The Mechanic', a weekly paper dedicated "to advocate the cause of the oppressed Mechanic and Laborer in all its bearings."[12]
The Educational Institute of Scotland, the oldest teachers' trade union in the world, was founded.
New Hampshire is first state to establish the ten-hour workday.[6]
Pennsylvania's child labor law establishes the age of 12 as the minimum age for workers in commercial occupations.[6]
Founding of the Allgemeine Deutsche Arbeiter-Verbrüderung (General German Workers-Brotherhood) [13] 1850s
New York City Tailor's Strike.[6]
Two railroad strikers are shot dead and others injured by the state militia in Portage, New York.
Typographical Union founded.[6]
Stonemasons and building workers in Melbourne achieve an eight-hour day, the first organized workers in the world to achieve an 8-hour day, with no loss of pay.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}[14]
Iron Molders' International Union founded.[6] 1860s
800 women operatives and 4,000 workmen marched during a shoemaker's strike in Lynn, Massachusetts.
The first railroad labor union, The Brotherhood of the Footboard (later renamed the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers) is formed in Marshall, Michigan.[6] It is headed by William D. Robinson.[15]
International Workingmen's Association (often called the First International) is founded.
Cigar Makers' Union founded.[6]
Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association founded.[6]
National Labor Union formed - 1st national labor federation in the US.[6]
Molders' Lockout.[6]
Order of the Knights of St. Crispin, a union for factory workers in the shoe industry, founded.[6]
The Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB)(Federation of General German Civil Servants) was founded and represented 142,000 workers.[16]
First U.S. federal eight-hour law passed. This law only applied to laborers, workmen, and mechanics employed by the U.S. federal government.[6]
Colored National Labor Union founded.[17]
Uriah Smith Stephens organized a new union known as the Knights of Labor.[17]
Collar Laundry Union Strike in Troy, New York.[17] 1870s
The first written contract between coal miners and coal miner operators signed.[17]
Karl Marx ejects Mikhail Bakunin and the other anarchists from the International Workingmen's Association
In 1873 the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen was established. In 1906 it became the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen & Enginemen.
The original Tompkins Square Riot occurs in New York City.[17] As unemployed workers demonstrated in New York City's Tompkins Square Park, a detachment of mounted police charged into the crowd, beating men, women and children indiscriminately with billy clubs and leaving hundreds of casualties in their wake.
Peter M. Arthur elected Grand Chief of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. He remained in office until his death.[18]
The Molly Maguires are convicted for the anthracite coalfield murders.[17]
Anthracite Coal Strike takes place.[17]
Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers founded.[17]
Workingmen's Party is founded. It later becomes the Socialist Labor Party.[17]
Greenback Party is founded.[17]
Cigar Makers' International Union occurred.[17]
San Francisco Anti-Chinese Riots occur.[17]
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877[17] -- U.S. railroad workers began strikes to protest wage cuts.{{Ref|yellen}} It started in Martinsburg, West Virginia, and then spread to many other states.
A general strike halted the movement of U.S. railroads. In the following days, strike riots spread across the United States. The next week, federal troops were called out to force an end to the nationwide strike. At the "Battle of the Viaduct" in the Pilsen neighborhood of Chicago, between protesting members of the Chicago German Furniture Workers Union, now Local 1784 of the Carpenters Union, and federal troops killed 30 workers and wounded over 100.
Socialist Labor Party of America founded when the Workingmen's Party of the United States voted to change its name at its December 1877 convention.[17]
Greenback Labor Party founded.[17]
International Labor Union founded.[17] 1880s
Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions, the ender of the American Federation of Labor, was founded in the United States and Canada.[17]
Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners was founded.[17]
Revolutionary Socialist Labor Party was founded.[17]
Cohoes, New York, Cotton Mill Strike occurred.[17]
Thirty thousand workers marched in the first Labor Day parade in New York City.
The Trades and Labour Congress of Canada (TLC), a Canada-wide central federation of trade unions was formed.
International Working People's Association formed.[17]
Lynchburg, Virginia, Tobacco Workers' Strike occurred.[17]
Molder's Lockout began.[17]
The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions, forerunner of the American Federation of Labor, passed a resolution stating that "8 hours shall constitute a legal day's work from and after May 1, 1886."
Federal Bureau of Labor established in the U.S. Department of the Interior.[17]
Fall River, Massachusetts, Textile Strike occurred.[17]
Union Pacific Railroad Strike occurred.[17]
U.S. Congress passed the Foran Act outlawing immigration of laborers on contract.[17]
Cloakmakers' General Strike occurred.[17]
McCormick Harvesting Machine Company Strike occurred.[17]
Southwest Railroad Strike occurred.[17]
Yonkers, New York, Carpet Weaver' Strike occurred.[17]
Ten coal-mining activists ("Molly Maguires") were hanged in Pennsylvania.
Augusta, Georgia Textile strike occurred.[19]
Cowboy Strike occurred.[19]
McCormick Harvesting Machine Company Strike occurred.[19]
Troy, New York, Collar Laundresses Strike occurred.[19]
The Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 was a labor union strike against the Union Pacific and Missouri Pacific railroads involving more than 200,000 workers.[19]
Workers protested in the streets to demand the universal adoption of the eight-hour day. Hundreds of thousands of American workers had joined the Knights of Labor. The movement ultimately failed.[19]
Bay View Tragedy: About 2,000 Polish workers walked off their jobs and gathered at St. Stanislaus Church in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, angrily denouncing the ten-hour workday. The protesters marched through the city, calling on other workers to join them. All but one factory was closed down as sixteen thousand protesters gathered at Rolling Mills. Wisconsin Governor Jeremiah Rusk called the state militia. The militia camped out at the mill while workers slept in nearby fields. On the morning of 5 May, as protesters chanted for the eight-hour workday, General Treaumer ordered his men to shoot into the crowd, some of whom were carrying sticks, bricks, and scythes, leaving seven dead at the scene, including a child.[20][21] The Milwaukee Journal reported that eight more would die within twenty-four hours, adding that Governor Rusk was to be commended for his quick action in the matter.
American Federation of Labor founded. Samuel Gompers served as first president.[19]
Anarchist rally lead to the Haymarket Riot in Chicago, Illinois, the origin of international May Day observances.[19]
In the Thibodaux massacre in Thibodaux, Louisiana a local militia, aided by bands of "prominent citizens," shot at least 35 unarmed black sugar workers striking to gain a dollar-per-day wage, and lynched two strike leaders.
Seven of the Haymarket Riot bombing defendants sentenced to death, of which five are executed.[19]
Port of New York Longshoremen's Strike occurred.[19]
The London matchgirls strike of 1888 was a strike of the women and teenage girls working at the Bryant and May Factory in Bow, London. The strike was prompted by the poor working conditions in the match factory, including fourteen-hour work days, poor pay, excessive fines, and the severe health complications of working with yellow (or white) phosphorus, such as phossy jaw.
United States enacted first federal labor relations law; the law applied only to railroads.[19]
International Association of Machinists founded.[19]
Burlington Railroad Strike occurred.[19]
Cincinnati Shoemakers' Lockout occurred.[19]
Baseball Players' Revolt began.[19]
Fall River, Massachusetts, Textile Strike occurred.[19]
The Second International is founded. Declaration of 1 May as International Workers Day. 1890s
United Mine Workers of America founded.[19]
United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America Strike occurred; the union demanded an eight-hour work day.[19]
New York garment workers won the right to unionize after a seven-month strike. They secured agreements for a closed shop, and firing of all strikebreakers.
Savannah, Georgia, Black Labourers' Strike occurred.[19]
Tennessee Miners' Strike occurred.[19]
International Longshoremen's Association founded.[19]
International Seamen's Union founded.[19]
New Orleans General Strike occurred.[19]
Homestead Strike:[19] Pinkerton Guards, trying to pave the way for the introduction of strikebreakers, opened fire on striking Carnegie mill steel-workers in Homestead, Pennsylvania. In the ensuing battle, three Pinkertons surrendered and were set upon and beaten by a mob of townspeople, most of them women. Seven guards and eleven strikers and spectators were shot to death.[134]
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892: Striking miners in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho dynamited the Frisco Mill, leaving it in ruins.
Buffalo Switchmen's Strike collapses after two weeks when 8,000 New York State militia enter the city and peer unions fail to come to the strikers' aid.
American Railway Union founded.[19]
Western Federation of Miners founded.[19]
Federal court in Louisiana rules that the Sherman Antitrust Act applies to unions and finds that sympathy strikes restrain trade.[19]
National Civic Federation founded.[19]
Unions helped win the passage of the Safety Appliance Act. Among other things, the Act outlawed the "old man-killer link and pin coupler" by railroads.
History of Trade Unionism, the influential book by Sidney and Beatrice Webb is first published.
Coxey's Army marched on Washington, D.C.[19]
In Cripple Creek, Colorado, miners went on strike when mine owners announced an increase from eight to ten hours per day, with no increase in wages.[19] This strike marked perhaps the only time in American history that a state militia was called out to protect miners from sheriff's deputies.
Bituminous Coal Miners' Strike of 1894 -- A two-month nationwide strike by miners of hard coal in the United States. This unsuccessful strike almost destroyed the United Mine Workers union.
Pullman Strike: A nation-wide strike against the Pullman Company begins with a wildcat walkout[19] on 11 May after wages are drastically reduced. On 5 July, the 1892 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago's Jackson Park was set ablaze, and seven buildings were burned to the ground. The mobs burned and looted railroad cars and fought police in the streets, until 10 July, when 14,000 federal and state troops finally succeeded in putting down the strike, killing 34 American Railway Union members. Leaders of the strike, including Eugene Debs, were imprisoned for violating injunctions, causing disintegration of the union.[134]
The Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT), was formed. This French union is the oldest confederation still in existence.
American Industrial Union established by former American Railway Union Vice President George W. Howard. The union proves to be short-lived, disappearing in the second half of 1896.[22]
U.S. Supreme Court rules in In re Debs to uphold an injunction against the Pullman Strikers on the grounds that the federal government is empowered to regulate interstate commerce.[19]
Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance founded.[19]
Haverhill, Massachusetts, Show Strike occurred.[19]
The state militia was sent to Leadville, Colorado to break a miner's strike.[19]
Lattimer massacre: 19 unarmed striking coal miners and mine workers were killed and 36 wounded by a posse organized by the Luzerne County sheriff for refusing to disperse near Hazleton, Pennsylvania.[19] The strikers, most of whom were shot in the back, were originally brought in as strike-breakers, but later organized themselves.
The Erdman Act was passed providing for mediation and voluntary arbitration on the railroads.[19] It made it a criminal offense for railroads to dismiss employees or to discriminate against prospective employees because of their union membership or activity. It provided legal protection of employees' rights to membership in a labor union, a limit on the use of injunctions in labor disputes, lawful status of picketing and other union activities, and requirement of employers to bargain collectively. Subsequently, a portion of the Erdman Act, which would have made it a criminal offense for railroads to dismiss employees or discriminate against prospective employees based on their union activities, was declared invalid by the United States Supreme Court.
American Labor Union founded.[19]
Marlboro, Massachusetts, Shoe Workers' Strike began.[19]
Miners in Idaho dynamite a mill in retaliation for the Bunker Hill Mining Company firing 17 union members.[23]
Brotherhood of Teamsters founded.[23]
Buffalo, New York, Grain Shovelers's Strike occurred.[23]
Cleveland, Ohio, Street Railway Worker's Strike occurred.[23]
Newsboys Strike of 1899 occurred in New York City.[23] 1900–991900s
International Ladies' Garment Workers Union founded.[23]
Anthracite Coal Strike occurred.[23]
Machinists' Strike occurred.[23]
United Textile Workers founded.[23]
Machinists' Strike occurred.[23]
National Cash Register Strike occurred.[23]
San Francisco Restaurant Workers' Strike occurred.[23]
U.S. Steel Recognition Strike of 1901 occurred.[23]
Coal Strike of 1902[23] -- United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania struck in seven counties, from May through October. The strike caused a nationwide coal shortage. President Theodore Roosevelt imposed the first mediated agreement of its kind.
Chicago Teamsters' Strike occurred.[23]
U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor created.[23]
Women's Trade Union League founded.[23]
Oxnard, California, Sugar Beet Strike occurred.[23]
Carbon County Strike began.[23]
Colorado Labor Wars: Troops were dispatched to Cripple Creek, Colorado to defeat a strike by the Western Federation of Miners,[23] with the specific purpose of driving the union out of the district. The strike had begun in the ore mills earlier in 1903, and then spread to the mines.
Labor organizer Mary Harris "Mother" Jones leads child workers in demanding a 55-hour work week.
New York City Interborough Rapid Transit Strike.[23]
United Packinghouse Workers of America.[23]
Santa Fe Railroad Shopmen's Strike.[23]
A battle between the Colorado Militia and striking miners at Dunnville ended with six union members dead and 15 taken prisoner. Seventy-nine of the strikers were deported to Kansas two days later.
Industrial Workers of the World founded in Chicago, Illinois.[23]
The Supreme Court held in Lochner v. New York that a maximum hours law for New York bakery workers was unconstitutional under the due process clause of the 14th amendment.[23]
An eight-hour workday is widely adopted in the printing industry.[23]
Goldfield, Nevada, Miners' Strike began.[23]
The Federal Employers' Liability Act was passed. Also that year, the Erdman Act was further weakened by the Supreme Court when Section 10, related to use of "yellow dog" contracts, was declared unconstitutional (see 1898).[23]
U.S. Supreme Court rules in Danbury Hatters Case that a boycott launched by the United Hatters Union is a conspiracy in restraint of trade under the Sherman Antitrust Act.[23]
U.S. Supreme Court rules in Muller vs. Oregon that an Oregon law that limited the working hours for women was unconstitutional.[23]
IWW Free Speech Fight began in Missoula, Montana.[23]
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded.[23]
IWW Free Speech Fight began in Spokane, Washington.[23]
McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, Steel Strike began.[23]
Watertown, Connecticut, Arsenal Strike occurred.[24]
The New York shirtwaist strike of 1909 (Uprising of the 20,000) began. Female garment workers went on strike in New York; many were arrested. A judge told those arrested: "You are on strike against God".[24] 1910s
Bethlehem Steel Strike occurred.[24]
Cloakmakers' Strike occurred.[24]
Chicago Clothing Workers' Strike occurred.[24]
The 1910 Accident Reports Act was passed and a 10-hour work day and standardization of rates of pay and working conditions were won by the Railway Brotherhoods. Union membership topped 8 million workers in 1910.
The Los Angeles Times bombing killed twenty people and destroyed the building. Calling it "the crime of the century," the newspaper's owner Harrison Gray Otis blamed the bombing on the unions, a charge denied by unionists.
A dynamite bomb destroyed a portion of the Llewellyn Iron works in Los Angeles, where a strike was in progress. In April 1911 James McNamara and his brother John McNamara, secretary-treasurer of the International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers, were charged with the two crimes. James McNamara pleaded guilty to murder and John McNamara pleaded guilty to conspiracy in the dynamiting of the Llewellyn Iron Works.[191]
The Locomotive Inspection Act passed. Four years later, the Hours of Service Act passed. The Railroad Brotherhoods had won an eight-hour day. The Supreme Court in Gompers v. Buck's Stove and Range Co. (221 U.S. 418) affirmed a lower court order for the AFL to stop interfering with Buck's Stove and Range Company's business or boycotting its products or distributors.[24] On 24 June 1912 in the second contempt trial, the defendants (Samuel Gompers, John Mitchell, and Frank Morrison) were again found guilty and sentenced to prison. The Supreme Court overturned the convictions because the new proceedings had not been instituted within the three-year statute of limitations (233 U.S. 604 1914).[25]
Illinois Central and Harriman Line Rail Strike occurred.[24]
Southern Lumber Operators' Lockout began.[24]
Two men are shot dead by police during the Llanelli railway strike of August 1911, leading to rioting.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire -- The Triangle Shirtwaist Company, occupying the top three floors of a ten-story building in New York City, was consumed by fire. One hundred and forty-six people, mostly women and young girls working in sweatshop conditions, died.[24]
Massachusetts passes the first minimum wage law for women and minors.[24]
Chicago newspaper strike occurred.[24]
Fur Workers' Strike occurred.[24]
IWW Free Speech Fight occurred in San Diego, California.[24]
New York City Hotel Strike occurred.[24]
Lawrence Textile Strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, often known as the "Bread and Roses" Strike. Dozens of different immigrant communities united under the leadership of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in a largely successful strike led to a large extent by women. The strike is credited with inventing the moving picket line, a tactic devised to keep strikers from being arrested for loitering.[24] It also adopted a tactic used before in Europe, but never in the United States, of sending children to sympathizers in other cities when they could not be cared for by strike funds. On 24 February, women attempting to put their children on a train out of town were beaten by police, shocking the nation.[26][27]
The National Guard was called out against striking West Virginia coal miners at the Paint Creek and Cabin Creek, West Virginia mines.[24]
Striking members of the Brotherhood of Timber Workers and supporters are involved in an armed confrontation with the Galloway Lumber Company and supporters in the Grabow Riot, resulting in four deaths and 40 to 50 wounded.[24]
U.S. Department of Labor established.[24]
Machinists Strike and Boycott[24]
Michigan Copper Strike[24]
Paterson, New Jersey, Textile Strike[24]
Rubber Workers' Strike[24]
Studebaker Motors Auto Workers' Strike[24]
Wheatland, California, Hop Riot[24]
Police shot three maritime workers (one of whom was killed) who were striking against the United Fruit Company in New Orleans.
According to a report by the Commission on Industrial Relations, approximately 35,000 workers were killed in industrial accidents and 700,000 workers were injured in the U.S.
U.S. Congress passes the Clayton Antitrust Act limiting the use of injunctions in labor disputes.[24]
Amalgamated Clothing Workers founded.[24]
Fulton Bag and Cotton Mill Strike occurred.[24]
The Ford Motor Company raised its basic wage from $2.40 for a nine-hour day to $5 for an eight-hour day.
Labor leader Joe Hill was arrested in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was convicted on murder charges, and was executed 21 months later despite worldwide protests and two attempts to intervene by President Woodrow Wilson. In a letter to Bill Haywood shortly before his death he penned the famous words, "Don't mourn - organize!"
The "Ludlow Massacre." In an attempt to persuade strikers at Colorado's Ludlow Mine Field to return to work, company "guards," engaged by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and other mine operators and sworn into the State Militia just for the occasion, attacked a union tent camp with machine guns, then set it afire. Five men, two women and 12 children died as a result.{{Ref|yellen}}{{Ref|Ludlow}}
A Western Federation of Miners strike is crushed by the militia in Butte, Montana.
U.S. Congress passed the La Follette Seamen's Act regulating working conditions for seamen.[24]
Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916 against Standard Oil began.[24]
Youngstown, Ohio, Steel Strike occurred.[24]
Twenty rioting strikers were shot by factory guards at Roosevelt, New Jersey.
The Supreme Court upholds "yellow dog" contracts, which forbid membership in labor unions.
U.S. Congress passed the Federal Child Labor Law, which was later ruled unconstitutional.[24]
U.S. Congress passed the Adamson Act, which established an eight-hour workday for railroad workers.[24]
American Federation of Teachers founded.[24]
Arizona Copper Strike[24]
Minnesota Iron Range Strike[24]
New York City Transit Strike[24]
New York Cloakmakers' Strike[24]
San Francisco Open Shop Campaign began.[24]
Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916 against Standard Oil continued.[24]
A bomb was set off during a "Preparedness Day" parade in San Francisco, killing 10 and injuring 40 more. Thomas J. Mooney, a labor organizer and Warren K. Billings, a shoe worker, were convicted, but were both pardoned in 1939.[24]
Strikebreakers hired by the Everett Mills owner Neil Jamison attacked and beat picketing strikers in Everett, Washington.[24] Local police watched and refused to intervene. Three days later, twenty-two union men attempted to speak out at a local crossroads, but each was arrested; arrests and beatings of strikebreakers became common throughout the following months, and on 30 October vigilantes forced IWW speakers to run the gauntlet, subjecting them to whipping, tripping kicking, and impalement against a spiked cattle guard at the end of the gauntlet. In response, the IWW called for a meeting on 5 November. When the union men arrived, they were fired on; seven people were killed, 50 were wounded, and an indeterminate number wound up missing.
Federal employees win the right to receive Worker's Compensation insurance.
The Everett Massacre (also known as Bloody Sunday) was an armed confrontation between local authorities and members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) union, commonly called "Wobblies", which took place in Everett, Washington on Sunday, 5 November 1916. The tragic event marked a time of rising tensions in Pacific Northwest labor history.
In "Hitchman Coal and Coke vs. Mitchell", U.S. Supreme Court upholds the legality of yellow-dog contracts.[28]
Green Corn Rebellion occurred.[28]{{Infobox person |image=Mooney-tom-1910.jpg |caption=Tom Mooney as a young socialist, 1910 |birth_date = 1882 |death_date=1942 }}
Thomas Mooney sentenced to death for his participation in the San Francisco Preparedness Day Bombing of 1916.[28]
East St. Louis Race Riot occurred.[28]
The Supreme Court approved the Eight-Hour Act under the threat of a national railway strike.
The Bisbee Deportation:[28] After seizing the local Western Union telegraph office in order to cut off outside communication, several thousand armed vigilantes forced 1,185 men in Bisbee, Arizona into manure-laden boxcars and "deported" them to the New Mexico desert. The action was precipitated by a strike when workers' demands (including improvements to safety and working conditions at the local copper mines, an end to discrimination against labor organizations and unequal treatment of foreign and minority workers, and the institution of a fair wage system) went unmet. The "deportation" was organized by Sheriff Harry Wheeler. The incident was investigated months later by a Federal Mediation Commission set up by President Woodrow Wilson; the Commission found that no federal law applied, and referred the case to the State of Arizona, which failed to take any action, citing patriotism and support for the war as justification for the vigilantes' action.
IWW organizer Frank Little was lynched in Butte, Montana.
Federal agents raid the IWW headquarters in 48 cities.
War Labor Board created.[28] War Labor Policies Board (1918-1919) created
A Federal child labor law, enacted two years earlier, was declared unconstitutional. A new law was enacted 24 February 1919, but this one too was declared unconstitutional (on 2 June 1924).
United Mine Workers organizer Ginger Goodwin was shot by a hired private policeman outside Cumberland, British Columbia.
Fall River, Massachusetts, Textile Strike occurred.[19]
International Federation of Trade Unions is founded.
Communist Party of America founded.[28]
Farmer-Labor Party founded.[28]
Red Scare began.[28]
Actors Strike occurred.[28]
Chicago Race Riot occurred.[28]
New England Telephone Strike occurred.[28]
Seattle General Strike occurred.[28]
The International Labour Organization (ILO), now a specialized agency of the United Nations, was formed through the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles, and was initially an agency of the League of Nations.
The Battle of the Barn James B. Duke and Southern Company break strike by local streetcar motormen and conductors by calling in troops. Five dead. Youngest 17 years old. Nearly two dozen wounded.
United Mine Worker organizer Fannie Sellins was gunned down by company guards in Brackenridge, Pennsylvania.
Looting, rioting and sporadic violence broke out in downtown Boston and South Boston for days after 1,117 Boston policemen declared a work stoppage due to their thwarted attempts to affiliate with the American Federation of Labor.[28] Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge put down the strike by calling out the entire state militia.
The "Great Steel Strike" began.[28] Ultimately, 350,000 steel workers walked off their jobs to demand union recognition. The AFL Iron and Steel Organizing Committee called off the strike on 8 January 1920, their goals unmet.{{Ref|yellen}}
Centralia Massacre[28] -- IWW organizer Wesley Everest was lynched after a Centralia, Washington IWW hall was attacked by Legionnaires.
Amid a strike for union recognition by 395,000 steelworkers (ultimately unsuccessful), approximately 250 "anarchists," "communists," and "labor agitators" were deported to Russia, marking the beginning of the so-called "Red Scare." 1920s
The IFCTU is founded, later to become the World Confederation of Labour.
Trade Union Educational League founded.[28]
Alabama Miners' Strike occurred.[28]
Clothing Workers' Lockout occurred.[28]
The U.S. Bureau of Investigation began carrying out the nationwide Palmer Raids.
The Battle of Matewan. Despite efforts by police chief (and former miner) Sid Hatfield and Mayor Cabel Testerman to protect miners from interference in their union drive in Matewan, West Virginia, Baldwin-Felts detectives hired by the local mining company arrived to evict miners and their families from the Stone Mountain Mine camp. A gun battle ensued, resulting in the deaths of 7 detectives, Mayor Testerman, and 2 miners. The movie Matewan is based on the event. Baldwin-Felts detectives assassinated Sid Hatfield 15 months later, sparking off an armed rebellion of 10,000 West Virginia coal miners at the "Battle of Blair Mountain," dubbed the "redneck war" and "the largest insurrection this country has had since the Civil War." Army troops later intervened against the striking mineworkers in West Virginia.[29]
U.S. Supreme Court rules in Duplex Printing Press vs. Deering that federal courts could enjoin unions for actions in restraint of trade despite the Clayton Act.[28]
Seamen's Strike occurred.[28]
West Virginia Coal Wars continued.[28]
Conference for Progressive Political Action founded.[28]
Anthracite Coal Strike occurred.[28]
Bituminous Coal Strike of 1922 began.[28]
Herrin massacre:[28] Thirty-six people are killed, 21 of them non-union miners, during a coal-mine strike at Herrin, Illinois.
Great Railroad Strike of 1922.[28]
Federal judge James Herbert Wilkerson issues a sweeping injunction against striking, assembling, picketing, and a variety of other union activities, known as the "Daugherty Injunction."
San Pedro Maritime strike, California IWW hall was raided. Several children were scalded when the hall was demolished.[30]
Samuel Gompers died. William Green elected to succeed him as president of the American Federation of Labor.[28]
Child Labor Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was proposed. Only 28 of the necessary 36 states ever ratified it.
16 Filipino strikers killed during the Hanapepe massacre.[31]
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters founded.[28]
Anthracite Coal Strike occurred.[28]
The All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) was officially founded. With 134 million members it is the largest trade union in the world. However many, such as the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, maintain the position that the ACFTU is not an independent trade union organization.
1 coal miner was killed and many injured during a protest as a result of a major strike at the British Empire Steel and Coal Company (BESCO) in New Waterford, Nova Scotia. Davis Day was established in the memory of Bill Davis, the miner who was murdered by company police. The labor dispute resulted in the deployment of 2,000 soldiers during the largest peacetime deployment of the Canadian Army for an internal conflict since the Northwest Rebellion of 1885.
The Railway Labor Act passed. It required employers, for the first time and under penalty of law, to bargain collectively and not to discriminate against their employees for joining a union.[28] It provided also for mediation, voluntary arbitration, fact-finding boards, cooling off periods and adjustment boards. Textile workers fought with police in Passaic, New Jersey. A year-long strike ensued.
Passaic, New Jersey, Textile Strike occurred.[28]
Ferdinando Nicolo Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were executed.[28]
Picketing coal miners marching under the banner of the Industrial Workers of the World were massacred in the Columbine Mine massacre in the company town of Serene, Colorado.
New Bedford, Massachusetts, Textile Strike occurred.[28]
Violent and relatively unsuccessful Loray Mill Strike during which the National Guard was called, and 100+ masked men destroyed the National Textile Workers Union (NTWU) building. Crushing Southern textile worker's collective bargaining efforts made a furor in US national news, giving momentum and urgency to the more successful labor movement of the 1930s{{Ref|yellen}}{{Ref|Interview with Daughter of Samuel Krieger, Loray Mill NTWU organizer}}
Trade Union Unity League founded.[28]
Conference for Progressive Labor Action founded.[28]
Gastonia, North Carolina, Textile Strike occurred.[28]
The 1929 Timber Workers strike was the first large strike after the onset of the Great Depression in Australia arising from a new timber industry award that increased the working week from 44 to 48 hours and reduced wages. A fifteen month lockout during 1929-1930 of miners on the Northern New South Wales Coalfields was particularly bitter with police shooting at miners, killing Norman Brown and seriously injuring many more at the Rothbury Riot. 1930s
National Unemployed Council founded.[28]
"Chicagorillas" -- labor racketeers -- shot and killed contractor William Healy, with whom the Chicago Marble Setters Union had been having difficulties.
Imperial Valley Farmworkers' Strike occurred.[32] Over 100 farm workers were arrested for their unionizing activities in Imperial Valley, California.[33] Eight were subsequently convicted of "criminal syndicalism."
U.S. Congress passes the Davis–Bacon Act.[32]
Scottsboro Boys arrested in Alabama.[32]
Harlan County Miners' Strike began in Harlan County, Kentucky when gun-toting vigilantes attacked striking miners.[32]
Five persons were killed by bullets fired by Swedish military troops called in as reinforcements by the police during a protest later known as Ådalen shootings.
U.S. Congress passed the Norris–La Guardia Act outlawing yellow-dog contracts and prohibiting federal injunctions in labor disputes.[32]
World War I veterans march on Washington, D.C. in the Bonus March.[32]
American Federation of Government Employees founded.[32]
California Pea Pickers' Strike occurred.[32]
Century Airlines Pilots' Strike occurred.[32]
Davidson-Wilder, Tennessee Coal Strike occurred.[32]
Ford Hunger March occurred in Detroit, Michigan.[32]
Vacaville, California, Tree Pruners' Strike occurred.[32]
Police kill striking workers at Ford's Dearborn, Michigan plant.
The ADGB Trade Union School (Bundesschule des Allgemeiner Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB)), was confiscated by the Nazis. Until the end of World War II the site was used by the Reich Leadership School.[34]
National Industrial Recovery Act passed by the U.S. Congress. The Act guaranteed the rights of employees to organize and enter into collective bargaining.[32]
Newspaper Guild founded.[32]
Briggs Manufacturing Strike occurred.[32]
Detroit, Michigan, Tool and Die Strike occurred.[32]
Hormel, Iowa, Meat-Packing Strike occurred.[32]
New Mexico Miners' Strike occurred.[32]
18,000 cotton workers went on strike in Pixley, California.[32] Four were killed before a pay-hike was finally won.
Southern Tenant Farmers Union founded.[32]
Harlem, New York, Jobs-for-Negroes Boycott occurred.[32]
Imperial Valley Farmworkers' Strike occurred.[32]
The Electric Auto-Lite Strike. In Toledo, Ohio,[32] two strikers were killed and over two hundred wounded by National Guardsmen. Some 1,300 National Guard troops, including included eight rifle companies and three machine gun companies, were called in to disperse as many as 10,000 strikers and protestors.
Newark Star-Ledger Strike">Newark Star-Ledger Strike occurred.[32]
Rubber Workers' Strike occurred.[32]
Honea Path massacre occurred with 6 striking textile worker shot in the back running from a picket line. This event is featured in the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) documentary on the POV series called "The Uprising of '34".[35] An historical photo essay entitled "Mill Town Murder" is online at Beacham Journal .
Textile Workers' Strike occurred.[32]
Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934 occurred. Police attacked and fired upon striking Teamster truck drivers in Minneapolis who were demanding recognition of their union, wage increases, and shorter working hours. As violence escalated, Governor Olson went so far as to declare martial law in Minneapolis, deploying 4,000 National Guardsmen. The strike ended on 21 August when company owners finally accepted union demands.
1934 San Francisco General Strike Bloody Thursday - West Coast & San Francisco General Strike.
A strike in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, part of a national movement to obtain a minimum wage for textile workers, resulted in the deaths of three workers. Over 420,000 workers ultimately went on strike.
U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the National Industrial Recovery Act was unconstitutional.[32]
The National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act, was passed.[32] It clearly established the right of all workers to organize and to elect their representative for collective bargaining purposes.
Negro Labor Committee founded.[32]
United Auto Workers founded.[32]
Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri Metal Workers' Strike occurred.[32]
Pacific Northwest Lumber Strike occurred.[32]
Southern Sharecroppers' and Farm Laborers' Strike occurred.[32]
The Committee for Industrial Organizations (CIO) was formed to expand industrial unionism.[32]
Steel Workers Organizing Committee, one of two labor organizations that eventually merged to form the United Steelworkers, founded.[36]
Atlanta Auto Workers' Sit-down Strike occurred.[36]
Berkshire Knitting Mills Strike occurred.[36]
General Motors Sit-Down Strike occurred.[36]
RCA Strike occurred.[36]
Rubber Workers' Sit-down Strike occurred.[36]
Seamen's Strike occurred.[36]
Seattle Post-Intelligencer Newspaper Strike occurred.[36]
U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the National Labor Relations Act is constitutional.[36]
American Federation of Labor ejected the unions that would later form the Committee of Industrial Organizations.[36]
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees Union founded.[36]
Hershey, Pennsylvania, Chocolate Workers' Strike founded.[36]
Little Steel Strike occurred.[36]
General Motors recognizes the United Auto Workers union following a sit-down strike in Flint, Michigan, that began in December 1936.[36] Two months later, company guards beat up United Auto Workers leaders at the River Rouge Plant, in River Rouge, Michigan.
Police kill 10 and wounded 30 during the Memorial Day Massacre at the Republic Steel plant in Chicago.[36]
Congress of Industrial Organizations founded.[36]
Chicago Newspaper Strike occurred.[36]
Hilo, Hawaii, Massacre occurred.[36]
Maytag Strike occurred.[36]
The Wages and Hours (later Fair Labor Standards) Act is passed, banning child labor and setting the 40-hour work week.[36] The Act went into effect in October 1940, and was upheld in the Supreme Court on 3 February 1941.
Chrysler Auto Strike occurred.[36]
General Motors Tool and Diemakers' Strike occurred.[36]
The Supreme Court rules that sit-down strikes are illegal. 1940s
Philip Murray elected president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations replacing John L. Lewis.[36]
Ford Motor Strike occurred.[36]
Allis-Chalmers Strike occurred.[36]
Captive Coal Mines Strike occurred.[36]
Detroit, Michigan Hate Strike against African Americans occurred.[36]
International Harvester Strike occurred.[36]
New York City Bus Strike occurred.[36]
North American Aviation Strike occurred.[36]
Henry Ford recognizes the UAW.
The AFL pledges that there will be no strikes in defense-related industry plants for the duration of the war.[36]
National War Labor Board was established; the NWLB established formula for wartime wage adjustments.[36]
United Steel Workers of America founded.[36]
Fair Employment Practices Commission founded.[36]
Smith-Connolly Act passed by U.S. Congress. Act restricts the extent of political activities and strikes by unions during the duration of the war.[36]
Bituminous Coal Strike occurred.[36]
Detroit, Michigan Hate Strike against African Americans occurred.[36]
Detroit Race Riots against African Americans occurred.[36]
Philadelphia Transit Strike occurred.[36]
President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the Army to seize the executive offices of Montgomery Ward and Company after the corporation failed to comply with a National War Labor Board directive regarding union shops.
International Federation of Trade Unions becomes the World Federation of Trade Unions
Kelsey-Hayes Strike occurred.[37]
New York City Longshoremen's Strike occurred.[37]
Montgomery Ward Strike occurred.[37]
Oil Workers' Strike occurred.[37]
Workers in packinghouses nation-wide went on strike.
Bituminous Coal Strike of 1946 occurred.[37]
Electrical Manufacturing Strike occurred.[37]
General Motors Strike occurred.[37]
Pittsburgh Power Strike occurred.[37]
Railroad Strike occurred.[37]
Steel Strike of 1946 occurred.[37]
A strike by 400,000 mine workers in the U.S. began. U.S. troops seized railroads and coal mines the following month.[37]
The U.S. Navy seized oil refineries in order to break a 20-state post-war strike.
Taft–Hartley Act passed by U.S. Congress. The Act restricted union practices and permitted states to ban union security agreements.[37]
R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Strike occurred.[37]
Telephone Strike occurred.[37]
The Taft–Hartley Labor Act, curbing strikes, was vetoed by President Truman. Congress overrode the veto.
Progressive Party founded.[37]
Labor leader Walter Reuther was shot and seriously wounded by would-be assassins.
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions splits from the World Federation of Trade Unions
Congress of Industrial Organizations expelled two unions for alleged communist influence.[37]
Hawaii Dock Strike occurred.[37] 1950s
Congress of Industrial Organizations expelled nine unions for alleged communist influence.[37]
United Auto Workers and General Motors reached agreement on a contract that provided pensions and wage increases over the duration of the signed contract.[37]
Salt of the Earth Strike of New Mexico began.[37]
The Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948, one of the two primary labor conventions of the ILO, came into force on 4 July.
President Truman ordered the U.S. Army to seize all the nation's railroads to prevent a general strike. The railroads were not returned to their owners until two years later.
The Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949, one of the two primary labor conventions of the ILO, came into force on 18 July.
George Meany is elected president of the American Federation of Labor.[37]
Walter Reuther is elected president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.[37]
Steel Strike occurred.[37]
President Truman ordered the U.S. Army to seize the nation's steel mills to avert a strike. The act was ruled to be illegal by the Supreme Court on 2 June.[37]
American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations reached an agreement to not raid from each other's membership.[37]
American Federation of Labor expelled the International Longshoremen's Union on grounds of corruption.[37]
Louisiana Sugar Cane Workers' Strike occurred.[37]
Kohler Strike occurred.[37]
United Auto Workers successfully negotiate with Ford Motor Company for supplementary unemployment benefits.[37]
Southern Telephone Strike occurred.[37]
Textile workers strike of 1955, in both New Bedford and Fall River, Massachusetts. Strike over a nickel raise was led and negotiated by Union President Manuel "Manny" Fernandes Jr., who resolved the strike and got the workers a nickel raise.
The two largest labor organizations in the U.S. merged to form the AFL-CIO, with a membership estimated at 15 million. George Meany served as the first president of the combined organization.[37]
East Coast Longshoremen's Strike occurred.[37]
Steel Strike of 1956 occurred.[37]
The largest Canadian trade union center, the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC), was formed.
Columnist Victor Riesel, a crusader against labor racketeers, was blinded in New York City when a hired assailant threw sulfuric acid in his face.
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations expelled International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Bakery Workers, and Laundry Workers on the grounds of corruption.[37]
U.S. Congress passed the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act.[37]
Steel strike of 1959 occurred.[37]
The Landrum–Griffin Act passes, restricting union activity.[37]
The Taft–Hartley Act is invoked by the Supreme Court to break a steel strike. 1960s
Negro American Labor Council founded.[38]
General Electric Strike occurred.[38]
Seamen's Strike occurred.[38]
President John F Kennedy issues Executive Order 10988 establishing limited collective bargaining rights for federal employees and widely regarded as the impetus for the expansion of public sector bargaining rights at state and local levels in the years to come.[38]
1962 New York City newspaper strike began.[38]
East Coast Longshoremen's Strike began.[38]
The 1962 New York City newspaper strike, longest newspaper strike in U.S. history ended. The 9 major newspapers in New York City had ceased publication over 114 days before.
Congress passed the Equal Pay Act mandating equal pay to women.[38]
United Farm Workers Organizing Committee founded.[38]
California Grape Workers' Strike occurred.[38]
New York Transportation Strike occurred.[38]
Copper Strike started.[38]
Members of four railroad unions voted overwhelmingly for the largest union merger ever in the railroad industry. The merger created a powerful new union called the United Transportation Union (UTU).
New York City Teachers' Strike occurred.[38]
What began as a student protest developed into a nationwide general strike.
The IFCTU becomes the World Confederation of Labour
Charleston, South Carolina, Hospital Workers' Strike occurred.[38] 1970s
U.S. Congress enacted Occupational Safety and Health Act.[38]
General Motors Strike occurred.[38]
Postal Workers Strike occurred.[38]
Joseph Yablonski, unsuccessful reform candidate to unseat W. A. Boyle as President of the United Mine Workers, was murdered, along with his wife and daughter, in their Clarksville, Pennsylvania home by assassins acting on Boyle's orders. Boyle was later convicted of the killing. West Virginia miners went on strike the following day in protest.
The first mass work stoppage in the 195-year history of the United States Post Office Department began with a walkout of letter carriers in Brooklyn and Manhattan,[38] soon involving 210,000 of the nation's 750,000 postal employees. With mail service virtually paralyzed in New York, Detroit, and Philadelphia, President Nixon declared a state of national emergency and assigned military units to New York City post offices. The stand-off culminated two weeks later.
United Farm Workers forced California grape growers to sign an agreement after a five-year strike.
New York City Police Strike occurred.[38]
Farah Clothing Workers' Strike and Boycott occurred.[38]
Lordstown, Ohio, Auto Workers' Strike occurred.[38]
Philadelphia Teachers Strike started.[38]
Coalition of Labor Union Women formed.[38]
Employment Retirement Income Security Act passed by U.S. Congress.[38]
Baltimore Police Strike occurred.[38]
U.S. Congress voted down union-sponsored bill to reform the basic United States labor laws.[38]
Washington Post Pressmen's Strike occurred.[38]
U.S. Congress voted down union-sponsored bill to make it easier for construction unions to organize.[38]
Bituminous Coal Strike of 1977-1978 started.[38]
Coors Beer Strike and Boycott started.[39]
J.P. Stevens Boycott began.[39]
Willmar, Minnesota, Bank Workers' Strike began.[39]
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania Newspaper Strike began.[39]
Lane Kirkland elected president of the AFL-CIO.[39]
Independent Trucker Strike occurred.[39]
The film Norma Rae, based on a real life character trying to unionize a textile mill, is released. It wins an Academy Award for best actress. 1980s
The trade union Solidarity (Solidarność) is established at the Gdańsk Shipyard, and originally led by Nobel Peace Prize winner Lech Wałęsa. Within the year the government implements martial law in an attempt to quell nationwide civil unrest and protest.
Joyce Miller joined the AFL–CIO executive board as the first female board member.[39]
Federal air traffic controllers began a nationwide strike after their union rejected the government's final offer for a new contract. Most of the 13,000 striking controllers defied the back-to-work order, and were dismissed by President Reagan on 5 August.[39] Reagan ordered them to leave. Largest labor rally in United States history broke out in protest of Reagan's order.[39]
Baseball Players' Strike occurred.[39]
A boycott was initiated by the International Association of Machinists (IAM) against Brown & Sharpe. The National Labor Relations Board later charged Brown & Sharpe with regressive bargaining, and of entering into negotiations with the express purpose of not reaching an agreement with the union. (See IAM for more details.).
Phelps-Dodge Copper Strike commenced.[39]
Yale University Clerical Workers' Strike began.[39]
Hormel Meatpackers' Strike occurred but ultimately failed.[39]
Los Angeles County Sanitation Strike occurred.[39]
Yale University Clerical Workers' Strike ended.[39]
The Association of Vatican Lay Workers was formed, but was not recognized by the Vatican authorities until 1993. It is the sole trade union in Vatican City and represents the majority of the 3000 employees who work in the city state.
Trans World Airlines Flight Attendants' Strike occurred.[39]
USX (United States Steel) Lockout occurred.[39]
Female flight attendants won an 18-year lawsuit against United Airlines, which had fired them for getting married. The lawsuit was resolved when a U.S. district court approved the reinstatement of 475 attendants and $37 million back-pay settlement for 1,725 flight attendants. (United Airlines, Inc. v. McDonald, 432 U.S. 385 (1977))[40]
Paperworkers' Strike and Lockout began.[39]
Professional Football Players' Strike occurred.[39]
Eastern Airlines Workers' Strike occurred.[39]
Pittston Coal Company Mine Workers' Strike occurred.[39]
Round table negotiations between Solidarity and the then-Communist government result in semi-free parliamentary elections in Poland, a pivotal moment in fall of the Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe. Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa is elected President in August of that year.[41] 2000–992000s
20,000 employees at 48 plants in 33 states struck against General Electric, the first strike against GE in 33 years, over a plan to shift more health care costs to employees and retirees.[42]
The World Confederation of Labour merges with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions and eight other trade union affiliations to found the International Trade Union Confederation.[43] 2010s19 September 2012 (Texas) Coke workers of the Fossil Creek Facility (in Fort Worth) vote 215 to 191 to not be represented by The International Brotherhood of Teamsters.[44] See also{{Portal|Organized labour}}
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Volume 1: From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Federation of Labor|year=c1947, p1978|publisher=International Publishers|location=New York|isbn=0717803767|pages=560}} 19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 {{cite book |last=Filippelli|first=Ronald L.|title=Labor conflict in the United States : an encyclopedia|year=1990|publisher=Garland Publishing Co.|location=New York|isbn=082407968X|pages=xxii}} 20. ^Wisconsin Labor History Society: Bay View Story {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051108103123/http://www.wisconsinlaborhistory.org/bayview.html |date=8 November 2005 }} 21. ^Bay View Massacre, Milwaukee County Genealogy 22. ^[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15309045/american_industrial_union_organization/ "American Industrial Union: Organization with Unlimited Aims Begins Its Existence,"] Chicago Inter Ocean, April 22, 1895, pg. 5. 23. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 {{cite book |last=Filippelli|first=Ronald L.|title=Labor conflict in the United States : an encyclopedia|year=1990|publisher=Garland Publishing Co.|location=New York|isbn=082407968X|pages=xxiii}} 24. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 {{cite book |last=Filippelli|first=Ronald L.|title=Labor conflict in the United States : an encyclopedia|year=1990|publisher=Garland Publishing Co.|location=New York|isbn=082407968X|pages=xxiv}} 25. ^1 The Samuel Gompers Papers 26. ^1 2 {{cite book | author=Yellen, Samuel | title=American Labor Struggles | publisher= Anchor Foundation | year= 1974 (1936) | isbn=0-913460-33-8}} 27. ^{{cite book | last = Watson | first = Bruce | year = 2005 | title = Bread and Roses | publisher = Viking | location = New York | isbn = 0-670-03397-9}} 28. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 {{cite book |last=Filippelli|first=Ronald L.|title=Labor conflict in the United States : an encyclopedia|year=1990|publisher=Garland Publishing Co.|location=New York|isbn=082407968X|pages=xxv}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rootsweb.com/~wvcoal/red.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2005-11-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319123848/http://www.rootsweb.com/~wvcoal/red.html |archivedate=19 March 2008 |df=dmy-all }} 30. ^ 31. ^{{cite magazine |last=Hill |first=Tiffany |date=30 December 2009 |title=A Massacre Forgotten |url=http://www.honolulumagazine.com/Honolulu-Magazine/January-2010/A-Massacre-Forgotten/ |magazine=Honolulu |location= |publisher= aio Media Group |access-date=5 May 2018 }} 32. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 {{cite book |last=Filippelli|first=Ronald L.|title=Labor conflict in the United States : an encyclopedia|year=1990|publisher=Garland Publishing Co.|location=New York|isbn=082407968X|pages=xxvi}} 33. ^{{cite web |url=http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/articles/555/ |last=Bronfenbrenner|first=K.|year=1990|title=Imperial Valley, California, farmworkers’ strike of 1930 [Electronic version]|accessdate=21 November 2012 |publisher=Cornell University, ILR School}} 34. ^History. Bauhaus trade union school. Available at: {{cite web |url=http://www.bauhaus-denkmal-bernau.de/en/landmark/history.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-11-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105173549/http://www.bauhaus-denkmal-bernau.de/en/landmark/history.html |archivedate=5 November 2016 |df=dmy-all }} (Accessed: 23 October 2016). 35. ^{{Cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/uprisingof34/#.UOO9GG9lG24| title=The Uprising of '34| publisher=PBS| accessdate=August 2, 2013}} 36. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 {{cite book |last=Filippelli|first=Ronald L.|title=Labor conflict in the United States : an encyclopedia|year=1990|publisher=Garland Publishing Co.|location=New York|isbn=082407968X|pages=xxvii}} 37. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 {{cite book |last=Filippelli|first=Ronald L.|title=Labor conflict in the United States : an encyclopedia|year=1990|publisher=Garland Publishing Co.|location=New York|isbn=082407968X|pages=xxviii}} 38. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 {{cite book |last=Filippelli|first=Ronald L.|title=Labor conflict in the United States : an encyclopedia|year=1990|publisher=Garland Publishing Co.|location=New York|isbn=082407968X|pages=xxix}} 39. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 {{cite book |last=Filippelli|first=Ronald L.|title=Labor conflict in the United States : an encyclopedia|year=1990|publisher=Garland Publishing Co.|location=New York|isbn=082407968X|pages=xxx}} 40. ^ 41. ^{{cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Michael D.|title=Negotiating revolution in Poland|url=http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2002-815-10g-Kennedy.pdf|work=NCEEER|year=2002|accessdate=14 July 2013}} 42. ^{{cite web |title=Today in labor history: 20,000 GE workers strike over health care |url=http://peoplesworld.org/today-in-labor-history-20-000-ge-workers-strike-over-health-care/ |accessdate=2015-10-30}} 43. ^{{cite web |title=ILO Director-General lauds formation of new global union federation |work=ILO Online press room |url=http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/media-centre/press-releases/WCMS_077094/lang--en/index.htm |accessdate=2006-11-03}} 44. ^{{cite news|last=Schlacter|first=Barry|title=Workers vote against joining union at Coca-Cola in Fort Worth|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/2012/09/20/4274510/workers-vote-against-joining-union.html#storylink=cpy|accessdate=18 December 2013|newspaper=Star-Telegram|date=20 September 2012}} Adrian Paradis, The Labor Reference Book (Philadelphia: Chilton Book Co., 1972), 133–134. Further readingArchival sources
7 : Labor history|Labor disputes|General strikes|Miners' labor disputes|Business timelines|Society-related timelines|Industrial Workers of the World |
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