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Titus Manlius Torquatus (born before 273 – died 202 BC) was a politician of the Roman Republic. He had a long and distinguished career, being notably consul in 235 and 224, censor in 231, and dictator in 208 BC. He was notably an ally of the famous Fabius Maximus "Cunctator".

Family background

Titus belonged to the patrician gens Manlia, one of the most important gentes of the Republic. It already counted 13 consulships, and 14 consular tribuneships before him.^[2] Titus' ancestry is a bit uncertain as the Fasti Consulares list him with the same filiation ("son of Titus, grandson of Titus") as Aulus Manlius Torquatus Atticus, who was consul two times in 244 and 241, as well as censor in 247, and possibly princeps senatus.^[3] Münzer tentatively supposed that Aulus was Titus' uncle.^[4] Titus' father and grandfather are not known, but his great-grandfather—also named Titus—was consul in 299.^[5]^[6]

The cognomen Torquatus was first received by Titus' ancestor Titus Manlius Imperiosus in 361 after he had defeated a Gaul in single combat, and took his torque as a trophy.^[7] The torque then became the emblem of the family, whose members proudly put it on the coins they minted. Imperiosus Torquatus was famous for his severity; he famously killed his own son after he had disobeyed him during a battle.^[8]^[9]

Political career

Consul (235 BC)

Titus' early career is not known because Livy's books on years 292–220 are lost. However, Broughton guessed that he entered the college of pontiffs in his youth, since he tried to be pontifex maximus in 212 and was therefore one of its senior members.^[10]

His first mention in history was his election as consul in 235, alongside Gaius Atilius Bulbus, a plebeian who had already been consul in 245.^[11] Eutropius and Cassiodorus—who relied on Livy—described Titus as the consul prior, which means the Centuriate Assembly elected him before Atilius.^[12]^[13]^[14]Titus was sent to Sardinia, which had just entered Roman control in the aftermath of the First Punic War (264–241). The war indemnity demanded by Rome was so high that Carthage could not pay its mercenaries, who rebelled. While Carthage was fighting them in Africa, its mercenaries stationed in Sardinia rebelled as well.^[16] Rome initially refused to support the Sardinian rebels, but in 237 it prevented Carthage from reclaiming the island on the pretext that its army was actually turned against Rome.^[17] Titus' mission was therefore to pacify the island, which he did successfully; he received a triumph for his victory over the rebels as a result.^[18]^[12] Several ancient authors tell that after his victory, Titus closed the doors of the Temple of Janus, symbolically meaning that Rome and its neighbours were at peace. It was only the first time that the temple was closed since the reign of Numa Pompilius—the legendary second king of Rome—and remained so for eight years; its gates then stayed open until Augustus closed them again after the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.^[19]^[20]^[21] However, Livy says that this event took place "after the First Punic War", so some modern scholars place it in 241, when Aulus Manlius Torquatus—Titus' uncle—was consul in order to celebrate the end of the First Punic War.^[22] This view has however been contested.^[23]

Titus' consulship marks a return to normal after the aggressive foreign policy of his predecessors Lucius and Publius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus, proponents of an expansionist strategy against Carthage and the Celts in Northern Italy. This policy lasted until 232 and the first consulship of Fabius Maximus, the most important Roman statesman of the second half of the third century, and the leader of the "peace faction" at Rome. The very powerful gens Fabia was also allied with the Manlii since at least the fourth century.^[24]

Censor and consul for the second time (231–224 BC)

In 231, Titus was elected censor prior with Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, who had already been consul in 237.^[25] Because of a flaw in their election, they had to resign and could not complete the lustrum (ritual cleansing of the Roman state).^[26] They were replaced the next year by the great Fabius Cunctator and Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus.^[27]

In 224, Titus was elected consul for a second time, with his former short-term colleague Fulvius Flaccus, and was once again described as consul prior.^[13] Titus and Fulvius were sent north against the Boii, a Celtic tribe at war with Rome since 225. The consuls led the first Roman army to cross the Po river, then defeated the Boii there.^[28] The Celts lost 23,000 men and 5,000 of them were captured, but the consuls had to retreat because of poor weather and decease among their troops.^[29]

De Sanctis thought this victory as well as the crossing of the Po are later inventions, since the Fasti Triumphales do not record this victory, which should normally have won a triumph to the consuls. He adds that Polybius tells nothing about it, just that the consuls headed a strong army and terrified the Boii, who submitted as a result.^[30]

Role during the Second Punic War (218–202 BC)

In 216 BC, as one of the most senior senators then living, he successfully opposed the ransoming of the Romans taken prisoner at the Battle of Cannae, on the grounds that they had made no effort to break out of the Carthaginian lines.

In 215 BC he was sent to Sardinia, after the illness of Quintus Mucius Scaevola and defeated a Carthaginian attempt under Hasdrubal the Bald to regain possession of the island.^[31]

However, he also suffered a number of reverses. In 212 BC, he and Flaccus contested each other for the position of Pontifex Maximus (chief priest of Rome), and both lost to a younger and less distinguished man, Publius Licinius Crassus. It is unclear from Livy's account if Licinius Crassus benefited from the inevitable division of votes between the two ex-censors, or whether he was always ahead.

In 210 BC, he was the oldest living patrician senator who had been censor earliest, but he was not chosen Princeps Senatus. The censor Publius Sempronius Tuditanus preferred that the honor go to the most distinguished senior senator, who was, in his view, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, a man who had been first consul in 233 BC and censor in 230 BC. The other censor, Marcus Cornelius Cethegus, preferred to go by the mos maiorum, but the choice was Tuditanus's to make.

Francis Ryan suggested that because of the closure of the Temple of Janus, Titus was associated with peace, and it played against him in this time of total war against Hannibal.^[32]

Death and posterity

Titus died in 202.^[33]^[34] Although his son had died before him, he was survived by his two grandsons, Titus and Aulus, who became consul in 165 and 164. The elder—Titus—was especially known for his severity, as he organised a private trial of his son for bribery, who committed suicide after he had banished him from his sight.^[35]^[36]^[37] The consul of 165 therefore emulated the severity of his ancestors—including that of his grandfather—whose deeds were especially reported by the annalists as examples of the imperia Manliana, the "Manlian orders".^[38]

The Torquati were also known for the death masks of their ancestors displayed in the atrium of the familial house; it is likely that Titus' mask was placed there, alongside those of Marcus Manlius Capitolinus and Imperiosus Torquatus.^[39]

Stemma of the Manlii Torquati

References

1. ^Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 308.
2. ^Fasti Consulares.
3. ^Ryan, Rank and Participation in the Senate, pp. 217–219.
4. ^Münzer, PW, vol. 27, p. 1207.
5. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 173, 174 (note 2).
6. ^Oakley, Commentary on Livy, p. 139, suggests he was the grandson of the consul of 299, but does not detail his familial link with Torquatus Atticus, the consul of 244.
7. ^Livy, vii. 10.
8. ^Livy, viii. 7, 8.
9. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 136, 137.
10. ^Broughton, vol. I, pp. 271, 282, 318, 319 (note 4).
11. ^Broughton, vol. I, p. 223.
12. ^¹Eutropius, iii. 3.
13. ^¹Cassiodorus, Chronica.
14. ^Taylor & Broughton, "The Order of the Two Consuls' Names", p. 6.
15. ^Mattingly et al., The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. I, p. 177.
16. ^Scullard, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII, part 2, pp. 566–568.
17. ^Scullard, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII, part 2, p. 569.
18. ^Livy, Periochae, 20.
19. ^Livy, i. 9.
20. ^Plutarch, Numa, 20.
21. ^Orosius, iv.12 § 2.
22. ^Tim Cornell, E. Staveley, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII, part II, pp. 383, 453 (note 62).
23. ^Hoyos, Unplanned Wars, p. 130 (note 25).
24. ^Münzer, Roman Aristocratic Parties, pp. 29, 74.
25. ^Ryan, Rank and Participation in the Senate, p. 227.
26. ^Broughton, vol. I, p. 226.
27. ^Broughton, vol. I, p. 227.
28. ^Polybius, ii. 31.
29. ^Orosius, iv. 13 § 11. Orosius writes that the consuls fought Insubres, not Boii, but Polybius should be followed here as he lived not so long after the events.
30. ^De Sanctis, Storia dei Romani, vol. 3, part 1, p. 313 (note 114).
31. ^{{cite book | title=Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | author=Lazenby, John Francis | year=1998 | location=Norman, OK | isbn=0-8061-3004-0 | page=98}}
32. ^Ryan, Rank and Participation, p. 242.
33. ^Livy, xxx. 39.
34. ^Broughton, vol. I, p. 318.
35. ^Valerius Maximus, v. 8. § 3.
36. ^Broughton, vol. I, p. 477.
37. ^Alexander, Trials in the Late Roman Republic, p. 6.
38. ^Denis Feeney, "Fathers and Sons: The Manlii Torquati", in Ancient Historiography and Its Contexts, pp. 205–223.
39. ^Flower, The Art of Forgetting, p. 64.
40. ^Mitchell, "The Torquati".
41. ^Münzer, PW, vol. 27, pp. 1181-1182.

Family background

Political career

Consul (235 BC)

Censor and consul for the second time (231–224 BC)

Role during the Second Punic War (218–202 BC)

Death and posterity

Stemma of the Manlii Torquati

References

Bibliography

Ancient works

Modern works