| 词条 | Tlapanec language | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Tlapanec |nativename=Me̱ꞌpha̱a̱ |states=Mexico |region=Guerrero, Morelos |ethnicity=Tlapanec people |speakers = {{sigfig|120,100|2}} |date=2010 census |ref=inali |familycolor=American |fam1=Oto-Mangue |fam2=Tlapanecan |lc1=tcf|ld1=Malinaltepec (east) |lc2=tpc|ld2=Azoyú (south) |lc3=tpl|ld3=Tlacoapa (central) |lc4=tpx|ld4=Acatepec (west) |linglist=qpc |lingname=Tlapanec |glotto=subt1249 |glottoname=Tlapanec + Subtiaba |glottorefname=Subtiaba-Tlapanec |map= Otomanguean Languages.png |mapcaption=Tlapaneco (Ochre, number 13) and the rest of the modern Oto-Manguean languages. }}Tlapanec {{IPAc-en|'|t|l|ae|p|@|n|E|k}}, or Meꞌphaa, is an indigenous Mexican language spoken by more than 98,000 Tlapanec people in the state of Guerrero.[1] Like other Oto-Manguean languages, it is tonal and has complex inflectional morphology. The ethnic group themselves refer to their ethnic identity and language as Me̱ꞌpha̱a̱ {{IPA|[meʔpʰaː]}}.[2] Before much information was known about it, Tlapanec (sometimes written "Tlappanec" in earlier publications) was either considered unclassified or linked to the controversial Hokan language family. It is now definitively considered part of the Oto-Manguean language family, of which it forms its own branch along with the extinct and very closely related Subtiaba language of Nicaragua.[3] Meꞌphaa people temporarily move to other locations, including Mexico City, Morelos and various locations in the United States, for reasons of work. VarietiesEthnologue distinguishes four Tlapanec languages:[4]
Other sources of information, including native speakers and the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas of the Mexican government, identify eight or nine varieties, which have been given official status: Acatepec, Azoyú, Malinaltepec, Tlacoapa, Nancintla, Teocuitlapa, Zapotitlán Tablas (with Huitzapula sometimes considered distinct), Zilacayotitlán.[5] These share mutual intelligibility of 50% between Malinaltepec and Tlacoapa, though Acatepec has an 80% intelligibility of both. The Azoyú variety is the only natural language reported to have used the pegative case, though it is verbal case like other 'case' markers in Tlapanec.[6] GrammarTlapanec is an ergative-absolutive language. However, while most languages of this type have an overt ergative case, Tlapanec is one of the rare examples of a marked absolutive language, that is, an ergative language that overtly marks the absolutive and leaves the ergative unmarked.[7] PhonologyThe following explains the phonology of the Malinaltepec Tlapanec language:[8] Vowels
Consonants
Allophones of the sounds {{IPA|/v b ɡ ʂ n r/}} include {{IPA|[f β ɣ ʃ ŋ ɾ~ʐ]}}. In the existence of the cluster {{IPA|/hw/}}, an allophone {{IPA|[ɸ]}} may be heard. The glottal stop is written with a saltillo, {{angle bracket|ꞌ}}. MediaTlapanec-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio station XEZV-AM, broadcasting from Tlapa de Comonfort, Guerrero. Notes1. ^INEGI 2005: http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/impresion/poblacion/lindigena.asp 2. ^Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas. 2008. Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas. Diario Oficial 14 enero, Primera Sección: 31-78, Segunda Sección: 1-96, Tercera Sección: 1-112. 3. ^See Suárez (1977; 1986). 4. ^Computer-generated list of Tlapanec languages at Ethnologue (2013) 5. ^A 2008 proposal to divide the ISO code for Acatepec into Acatepec proper, Teocuitlapa, Zapotitlan Tablas, and Huitsapula was rejected. 6. ^Wichmann (2005). 7. ^Donohue, Mark (2008). 8. ^{{Cite book|title=A Sketch of Malinaltepec Tlapanec Phonology.|last=Weathers|first=Mark and Esther L.|publisher=|year=1984|isbn=|location=|pages=}} References{{refbegin|indent=yes}}{{cite book |author=Donohue, Mark |year=2008 |chapter=Semantic alignment systems: what's what, and what's not |page=27 |title=The Typology of Semantic Alignment |editors=Donohue, Mark & Søren Wichmann |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}} {{cite book |author=Fernández de Miranda, María Teresa |year=1968 |chapter=Inventory of Classificatory Materials|pages=63–78 |title=Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Linguistics |editor=Norman A. McQuown (volume editor) |others=R. Wauchope (general editor) |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |isbn=0-292-73665-7 |oclc=277126}} {{cite web |author=Instituto Lingüístico de Verano |authorlink=Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (Mexico)|year=n.d. |title=Tlapanecan family |url=http://www.sil.org/mexico/tlapaneca/00i-tlapaneca.htm |work=El Instituto Lingüístico de Verano en México |accessdate=2007-03-13}} {{cite web |author=Marlett, Stephen A. (Ed.) |year=2011 |title=Los archivos lingüísticos meꞌphaa. |publisher=SIL International |url=http://www.sil.org/mexico/workpapers/WP013i-Me'phaaGrammarFiles.htm}} {{cite journal |author=Sapir, Edward |authorlink=Edward Sapir |year=1925 |title=The Hokan affinity of Subtiaba in Nicaragua |journal=American Anthropologist |series=New Series |volume=27 |issue=3,4 |pages=402–435, 491–527 |doi=10.1525/aa.1925.27.3.02a00040}} {{cite book |author=Suárez, Jorge A. |year=1977 |title=El tlapaneco como lengua Otomangue |format=MS |location=México, D.F. |publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México|language=es}} {{cite book |author=Suárez, Jorge A. |year=1983 |title=La lengua tlapaneca de Malinaltepec |location=México, D.F. |publisher=Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filologicas |isbn=968-5805-07-5|language=es}} {{cite book |author=Suárez, Jorge A. |year=1986 |chapter=Elementos gramaticales otomangues en tlapaneco |editor=Benjamin F. Elson (ed.) |title=Language in global perspective (Papers in honor of the 50th anniversary of the Summer Institute of Linguistics 1935-1985 |location=Dallas |publisher=The Summer Institute of Linguistics |isbn=9780883126622 }} {{cite book |author=Swadesh, Morris |authorlink=Morris Swadesh |year=1968 |chapter=Lexicostatistic Classification |pages=79–116 |title=Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Linguistics |editor=Norman A. McQuown (volume editor) |others=R. Wauchope (general editor) |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |isbn=0-292-73665-7 |oclc=277126}} {{cite journal |author=Weathers, Mark L. |year=1976 |title=Tlapanec 1975 |journal= International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=367–371 |doi=10.1086/465442 |jstor=1264270}} {{cite book |author=Weathers, Mark L. |author2=Abad Carrasco Zúñiga |year=1989 |title=Xó nitháán mèꞌphàà: Cómo se escribe el tlapaneco |location=México, D.F. |publisher=Editorial Cuajimalpa}} {{cite conference |author=Wichmann, Søren |authorlink=Søren Wichmann |year=2005 |title=Tlapanec Cases |conference=Conference on Otomanguean and Oaxacan Languages, March 19–21, 2004 |conferenceurl=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/cool.htm |editor=Rosemary Beam de Azcona and Mary Paster (eds.) |booktitle=Report 13, Survey of California and Other Indian Languages |publisher=University of California at Berkeley |location=Berkeley CA |url=http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/Tlapanec%20cases3.pdf |format=PDF |pages=133–145 |accessdate=2007-03-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102234220/http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/Tlapanec%20cases3.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-02 |df= }}{{refend}} External links
3 : Mesoamerican languages|Indigenous languages of Mexico|Oto-Manguean languages |
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