| 词条 | Tone-class cruiser | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The two {{nihongo|Tone-class cruisers|利根型巡洋艦|Tone-gata jun'yōkan}} were the last heavy cruisers completed for the Imperial Japanese Navy. The Tone-class cruisers were originally envisaged as the 5th and 6th vessels in the {{sclass-|Mogami|cruiser|4}}. However, by the time construction began, serious weaknesses in the Mogami-class hull design had become clear following the Fourth Fleet incident in 1935. As Japan no longer was obligated to abide by the limitations of the London Naval Treaty, a new design was created and new means of construction were utilized. Though the external dimensions were close to the Mogami class, the design was quite different, with all the main battery of guns placed forward of the bridge, reserving the entire stern area as a large seaplane operations deck. Unlike the U.S. Navy, the Japanese did not have a dual role attack/scout aircraft, nor did they assign any of their carrier aircraft to a reconnaissance role. Little emphasis was placed on this aspect of carrier warfare. Instead the Japanese reserved all of their carrier aircraft for attack roles. Reconnaissance then was relegated to the float planes carried by cruisers.[2] The Tone and the Chikuma were intended to provide the long range reconnaissance needed for Japan's carrier Air Fleets. DesignOverviewThe Tone-class cruisers had a very distinctive silhouette, with all main armament concentrated forward and the aft section entirely devoted to aircraft operations. This allowed for strong and compact protection of the magazines while also increasing and improving the living quarters aft. ArmamentAs originally planned, the Tone-class vessels were to have five triple {{convert|155|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} turrets, three forward and two aft. However, the capsizing of the torpedo boat Tomozuru called into question the stability of all Japanese warship designs. As a result of the redesign, and to improve accuracy of gunfire, all five turrets in the new design were concentrated on the forecastle. When Japan abrogated the Washington Naval Treaty on 31 December 1936, the main armament was revised to eight {{convert|203|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} guns in four twin turrets with maximum 55-degree elevation, as was installed on the Mogami-class vessels. No. 1 was forward firing, No. 3 and No. 4 turrets trained through after arcs, while No. 2 was on a superfiring pedestal mounting overlooking No.1 and No.3. Heavy anti-aircraft weaponry consisted of four twin {{convert|127|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} gun turrets in shielded mountings amidships. For close-range, six twin Type 96 25 mm AT/AA Guns were carried. Four triple banks of {{convert|610|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} torpedo tubes were also incorporated. Hull & ArmorThe previous Mogami class experimented with welded hulls, with limited success. Thus the lead vessel in the Tone class, Tone, also had some welding, the subsequent Chikuma was an all riveted design. The undulating hull of earlier cruisers was dispensed with and the superstructure was less built-up. The modifications to the design raised the nominal displacement to about 12,500 tons. The main belt armor was {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick next to machinery spaces ({{convert|225|mm|in|abbr=on}} next to magazines), and it extended to a depth of about {{convert|9|ft|m}}, beyond which it had a much reduced thickness as an anti-torpedo bulkhead down to the inner double bottom. EnginesThe main engines of the Tone class were similar to that of {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Suzuya|1934|2}} and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Kumano||2}}. AircraftThe Tone class had no aircraft hangar, but there was a comprehensive arrangement of transport rails and turntables on the aircraft catapult and quarterdecks. Two gunpowder-propelled catapults were located on the beam abaft the mainmast. A maximum of four Kawanishi E7K2 'Alf' three-seat floatplanes and four Nakajima E8N1 'Dave' floatplanes could be carried, the normal complement being six, of which four were to be E8Nls. In practice, no more than five were ever embarked. As the war progressed these types were superseded by the Aichi E13A1 'Jake' and Mitsubishi F1M2 'Pete'. ModificationsIn 1943, the number of 25 mm guns was increased to twenty guns, and in June 1944, when the opportunity to use their aircraft had passed, further mountings were added on the flight deck, bringing the light anti-aircraft total to 54 barrels. Two more twin 25 mm guns were also added later. Radar was fitted, but otherwise no major modifications were carried out. Ships in classTwo ships were funded under the 1932 2nd Supplementary Budget, both of which were built by Mitsubishi at the Nagasaki shipyards. Tone{{main|Japanese cruiser Tone (1937)}}Tone (利根) was part of the covering force for the attack on Pearl Harbor, and later that same month assisted in the second Battle of Wake Island. Subsequently, Tone was involved in operations in the Netherlands East Indies. In February 1942, it was part of the covering force for the carrier raid on Darwin, and in March accompanied the battleships {{ship|Japanese battleship|Hiei||2}} and {{ship|Japanese battleship|Kirishima||2}} in the sinking of the destroyer {{USS|Edsall|DD-219|6}}. During March Tone participated in the strike by Admiral Nagumo's aircraft carrier force into the Indian Ocean and the attack on Ceylon. Tone returned to the Pacific for the Battle of Midway in May, and from the summer of 1942 was part of the Guadalcanal campaign. On 2 August 1942, Tone was damaged by aircraft from the carrier {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|6}}. In 1943, Tone patrolled in Solomon Islands theatre where it was damaged by an air raid on its base in Rabaul on 5 November. In the beginning of 1944, Tone participated in a strike into the Indian Ocean against Allied shipping on the Australia-Aden route. Later, Tone was in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, and as part of Admiral Kurita's Centre Force at the Battle of Leyte Gulf attacked US escort aircraft carriers. Tone was damaged by US aircraft in March 1945, after her return to home waters and was finally sunk by aircraft, near Kure, on 24 July 1945. She was raised postwar and broken up at Kure in 1948. Chikuma{{main|Japanese cruiser Chikuma (1938)}}The career of Chikuma (筑摩) parallels that of Tone in almost every detail, since the two ships formed the 8th Cruiser Squadron on completion and operated together for almost all of their careers. In October 1942, during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, Chikuma was hit by five bombs dropped by aircraft from the carrier {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|6}}. Chikuma was lost in the Battle off Samar on 25 October 1944. References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://midway1942.org/ships/ijn_ca_tone.shtml |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-02-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819130756/http://midway1942.org/ships/ijn_ca_tone.shtml |archivedate=2012-08-19 |df= }} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/sheerluck_midway.htm|title=Midway: Sheer Luck or Better Doctrine|last=Wildenberg|first=Thomas|work=Naval War College Review 58, no. 1 (Winter 2005) |pages=121–135}} Books
| last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu | authorlink = | year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub | location = | isbn = 0-8159-5302-X }}
| last = Dull | first = Paul S. | authorlink = | year = 1978 | chapter = | title = A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941-1945 | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location =Annapolis, Maryland | isbn = 0-87021-097-1 }}
| last = Howarth | first = Stephen | authorlink = | year = 1983 | title = The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895-1945 | publisher = Atheneum | location = | isbn = 0-689-11402-8 }}
| last = Jentsura | first = Hansgeorg | authorlink = | year = 1976 | chapter = | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945 | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location =Annapolis | isbn = 0-87021-893-X }}
| last1 = Lacroix | first1 = Eric | first2 = Linton | last2= Wells II | year = 1997 | title = Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapolis | isbn = 0-87021-311-3 | oclc= 21079856 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/japanese-cruisers-of-the-pacific-war/oclc/21079856/viewport |accessdate=23 September 2013 }}
| last = Whitley | first = M.J. | authorlink = | year = 1995 | chapter = | title = Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location =Annapolis | isbn = 1-55750-141-6 }}
| last = Miller | first = David | authorlink = | year = 2004 | chapter = Page 244 | title = The Illustrated Directory of Warships from 1860 To The Present Day | publisher = Greenwich Editions, Salamander Books Ltd | location = London | isbn = 0-86288-677-5 }} External links{{Commonscat-inline|Tone class cruiser}}
| last = Parshall | first = Jon |author2=Bob Hackett |author3=Sander Kingsepp |author4=Allyn Nevitt | url = http://www.combinedfleet.com/tone_c.htm | title = Tone-class | work = Imperial Japanese Navy Page (Combinedfleet.com) | accessdate = }}{{Tone class cruiser}}{{WWII Japanese Ships}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tone class cruiser}} 5 : Cruiser classes|Aircraft cruiser classes|Tone-class cruisers|Ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries|Ships built in Japan |
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