| 词条 | Tonghua | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = {{raise|0.2em|Tonghua}} |official_name = |other_name = |native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|zh|通化市}}}}}} |nickname = |settlement_type =Prefecture-level city |total_type = |motto = |image_skyline = 巡道工出品 photo by Xundaogong——通化夜景 - panoramio.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Night of Tonghua |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Location of Tonghua Prefecture within Jilin (China).png |mapsize = |map_caption = Location of Tonghua City (yellow) in Jilin (light grey) and China |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jilin |pushpin_label_position = left |pushpin_map_caption = Location of the city centre in Jilin |pushpin_mapsize = 240 |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = People's Republic of China |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = Jilin |subdivision_type2 = County-level divisions |subdivision_name2 = 7 |seat_type = Municipal seat |seat = |parts_type = |parts_style = |p1 = |p2 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = Prefecture-level city |leader_title = CPC Tonghua Secretary |leader_name = Liu Baowei ({{lang|zh-hans|刘保威}}) |leader_title1 = Mayor |leader_name1 = Tian Yulin ({{lang|zh|田玉林}}) |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title1 = |established_date1 = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |founder = |named_for = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 15195 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 =761 |area_metro_km2 = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 374 |elevation_max_m = |elevation_min_m = |population_as_of =2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =2,325,242 |population_density_km2 =auto |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban =506,877 |population_density_urban_km2 =auto |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |timezone = China Standard |utc_offset = +8 |coor_pinpoint = Tonghua government |coordinates = {{coord|41.728|N|125.940|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-22_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}} |postal_code_type =Postal code |postal_code = 134000 |area_code = 0435 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |blank2_name =Licence plate prefixes |blank2_info ={{lang|zh-cn|吉E}} |iso_code = CN-JL-05 |website = {{URL|tonghua.gov.cn}} |footnotes = }}{{Infobox Chinese |pic=通化.png |piccap="Tonghua", as written in Chinese |picsize=150px |psp=Tunghwa|c=通化|w=T'ung1-hua4|p=Tōnghuà}}Tonghua ({{zh|c=通化 |p=Tōnghuà}}) is an industrial city in the south of Jilin province, People's Republic of China. It borders North Korea's Chagang Province to the south and southeast, Baishan to the east, Jilin City to the north, Liaoyuan to the northwest, and Liaoning province to the west and southwest. Administratively, it is a prefecture-level city with a total population of 2,325,242 living in an area of {{convert|15195|km2}}. Urban population is 506,877.[2] It is known as one of the five medicine production centres in China.[3] HistoryHuman settlement in the Tonghua area dates from about 6000 years ago. In the Western Han Dynasty, Tonghua belonged to the Liaodong Fourth Commandery ({{lang|zh-hant|遼東四郡}}). Tonghua was the birthplace of Goguryeo culture and shaman culture. Goguryeo culture originated form Jian in 425 A.D. And the Goguryeo noble tombs were the only independent declarations in the Northeast of Tonghua. [4][3] Under the Japanese occupation of Manchuria after 1932, a railway was constructed linking Tonghua with the main Manchurian rail network and with northern Korea. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Yang Jingyu led the First Army of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army to battle the Imperial Japanese Army, and was killed in battle.[4][3] In August 1945 Tonghua briefly served as the temporary capital of Manchukuo, where Puyi claimed to abdicate at the behest of the Kwantung Army. In 1985, Tonghua became a prefecture-level city under the approval of the State Council.[5] The city has a recent record of extreme violence including the Shosankoku incident in 1945, the Tonghua Incident in 1946 and the Tonghua Iron and Steel Group riot in 2009. Administrative divisions
GeographyClimateTonghua has a monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), with long, very cold, windy, but dry winters and hot, humid summers; spring and autumn are brief. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|−14.2|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|22.3|°C|1}} in July; the annual mean is {{convert|5.60|°C|1}}. During the warmer months, rainfall is enhanced by the mountainous topography, allowing for a generous annual precipitation total of {{convert|870|mm|1}}. However, the monsoon still means that more than 60% of the annual precipitation falls from June to August alone. {{Weather box|metric first=y |single line=y |location = Tonghua (1971−2000) |Jan record high C = 3.4 |Feb record high C = 12.6 |Mar record high C = 18.2 |Apr record high C = 28.7 |May record high C = 32.3 |Jun record high C = 34.3 |Jul record high C = 35.6 |Aug record high C = 35.3 |Sep record high C = 30.6 |Oct record high C = 26.4 |Nov record high C = 17.7 |Dec record high C = 8.9 |Jan high C = −7.1 |Feb high C = −3.0 |Mar high C = 4.4 |Apr high C = 14.3 |May high C = 20.7 |Jun high C = 24.8 |Jul high C = 27.1 |Aug high C = 26.6 |Sep high C = 21.2 |Oct high C = 14.0 |Nov high C = 3.8 |Dec high C = −4.3 |Jan mean C = -14.2 |Feb mean C = -10.0 |Mar mean C = -1.3 |Apr mean C = 7.8 |May mean C = 14.2 |Jun mean C = 19.0 |Jul mean C = 22.3 |Aug mean C = 21.1 |Sep mean C = 14.3 |Oct mean C = 6.9 |Nov mean C = -2.2 |Dec mean C = -10.7 |Jan low C = −20.1 |Feb low C = −15.9 |Mar low C = −6.7 |Apr low C = 1.8 |May low C = 8.1 |Jun low C = 14.0 |Jul low C = 18.4 |Aug low C = 17.2 |Sep low C = 9.5 |Oct low C = 1.3 |Nov low C = −7.0 |Dec low C = −15.9 |Jan record low C = −33.1 |Feb record low C = −31.8 |Mar record low C = −27.6 |Apr record low C = −12.8 |May record low C = −3.8 |Jun record low C = 5.2 |Jul record low C = 10.3 |Aug record low C = 5.0 |Sep record low C = −2.8 |Oct record low C = −11.5 |Nov record low C = −25.3 |Dec record low C = −32.1 |year high C= 11.88 |year low C= 0.39 |year high F =53.38 |year low F = 32.71 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 9.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 9.5 |Mar precipitation mm = 18.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 50.3 |May precipitation mm = 78.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 116.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 218.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 203.8 |Sep precipitation mm = 75.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 46.9 |Nov precipitation mm = 30.6 |Dec precipitation mm = 14.0 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 7.8 |Feb precipitation days = 6.7 |Mar precipitation days = 8.2 |Apr precipitation days = 9.7 |May precipitation days = 13.1 |Jun precipitation days = 14.6 |Jul precipitation days = 16.9 |Aug precipitation days = 14.4 |Sep precipitation days = 11.5 |Oct precipitation days = 9.4 |Nov precipitation days = 9.6 |Dec precipitation days = 8.3 |source 1 = Weather China[6] }} EconomyTraditionally, Tonghua occupied a railhub position in a region of China noted for trade in only three agricultural commodities. These were ginseng, marten furs and deer antler products. In the 1980s Tonghua had some success with a wine distillery producing sweet, sticky red wines that proved popular with local consumers. From 1987 onwards a bienniel wine festival was inaugurated, but this and the industry it promoted ultimately failed commercially owing to competition with joint-venture wine companies such as Dragon, who were able to produce a product that was marketable overseas. Following this failure, Tonghua industry was thrown back on its traditional agricultural products - and a few small but viable factories, including one specialising in artificial furs. A fledgling tourist trade sought to highlight Tonghua attractions such as some impressive ski slopes, the tomb of the local hero General Yang (a resister to the Japanese occupation of Manchukuo in the 1930s) and the beautiful Changbai Shan Nature Reserve for which Tonghua serves as a connecting railway station from the major population centres to the north and west. Tonghua's population hovers around 300,000, but census information is difficult to assess as it includes demographic information from other towns nearby (for example, Erdaojiang - a suburb of Tonghua, and even Hunjiang, a city to the east). The inclusion of these suburbs and surrounding towns greatly swells Tonghua's official population beyond the 300,000-mark. Poor, backward and, at local level, conservatively led, Tonghua was late in benefiting from the economic reforms (gai ge) of national leaders such as Zhao Ziyang. Although the railway provided useful direct links to major cities such as Shenyang, Tianjin and Changchun, few signs of progress could be seen on Tonghua's dirty streets until the mid-1990s, when plans were approved for a plethora of building projects which transformed the city. These have helped fuel a resurgence in Tonghua's commercial strength. Now, however, significant improvements can be seen and the city is dotted with shops and shopping centers all around. SteelErdaojiang District has a number of steelworks, and tens of thousands of steelworkers are employed locally. In July 2009, workers at Tonghua Iron and Steel Group rioted (See main article) at news of a takeover deal by privately owned Jianlong Steel, and the general manager of the firm was beaten to death. The unrest reportedly involved 30,000 workers, with up to 100 injured in clashes with police. The takeover was promptly scrapped.[7][8] PharmaceuticalsThe city of Tonghua has also become a hub for a range of Chinese pharmaceutical firms, including domestic insulin producer Tonghua Dongbao Pharmaceuticals Ltd. These companies are generally spread among the various "Industrial parks" found throughout the city, with 46 projects located in these parks in 2012 alone.[9] Investment in Tonghua's pharmaceutical industry is on the increase, with 27 of these projects worth over 100 million Yuan. Other pharmaceutical producers in the area include Jingma, Zhenghe and Wantong Pharmaceuticals. TransportationRailwayRailways from Shenyang to Jilin and Meihekou to Ji'an meets in Tonghua. Trains from Tonghua Railway Station connect the city with Beijing, Qingdao, Shenyang, Dalian and several other major cities in China. HighwayTonghua is served by G11 Hegang-Dalian Expressway. TourismYang Jingyu Martyrs CemeteryThe Yang Jingyu Martyrs Cemetery is located on the hills adjoining the Tongjiang River in Tonghua and was built to commemorate Second Sino-Japanese War war hero, Yang Jingyu. It was built in July 1954 and completed in September 1957. The cemetery covers an area of {{convert|20000|m2|abbr=on}}. There are five buildings in the park, which are classical glazed tile buildings. The front is the mourning hall and the tomb. The four partial temples are the performance exhibition hall of General Yang Jingyu. The bronze statue of General Yang Jingyu erects on the central of the cemetery. The front of the granite base is engraved with Peng Zhen’s handwriting: The National Hero Yang Jingyu.[10] Baijifeng National Forest ParkIt is located in the southeast of Tonghua, 25 kilometers away from the urban area. The altitude of the Baiji Yaoshan in the park is {{convert|1318|m|abbr=on}}, which is the highest peak of Tonghua. The Forest Park is dominated by natural landscapes. The total area of the park is about {{convert|1041|ha}} and the forest coverage rate is 98.7%. The main species are Korean pine, spruce, alfalfa, birch, and rare species such as yew, hedgehog{{clarify|date=December 2018|reason=A very rare plant indeed}}, hawthorn{{dn|date=December 2018}}, and magnolia. Under the canopy, there are mainly wild ginseng, ginseng, asarum and other medicinal materials.[11] References1. ^ 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.my12340.cn/article.aspx?ID=1605 |script-title=zh:2010年通化市第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 |trans-title=Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China: Report on important statistics |website=my12340.cn}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001120/http://www.my12340.cn/article.aspx?ID=1605 |date=2012-04-26 }} 3. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/jilin/2014-10/29/content_18824404.htm|title=Tonghua - Jilin, China|last=dell|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=2018-11-27}} 4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.tonghua.gov.cn/zjth/|script-title=zh:通化市政府|website=www.tonghua.gov.cn|language=en|access-date=2018-11-23}} 5. ^{{Cite book |script-title=zh:通化市志 |author=Office of the Tonghua Almanac Compilation Committee |year=1996 |publisher=中国城市出版社 |isbn=7-5074-0818-3}} 6. ^1 {{cite web| url = http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101060501.shtml?| script-title=zh:通化城市介绍| publisher = Weather China| language = zh-hans| accessdate = 2011-05-28}} 7. ^One killed in China steel riot, BBC News, 26 July 2009 8. ^Takeover scrapped after workers kill steel plant manager SCMP, 27 July 2009 9. ^http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2013-04/25/content_16447322.htm 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinamartyrs.gov.cn/LingYuanZhanShi/C031/zdjs.html |script-title=zh:杨靖宇烈士陵园|website=www.chinamartyrs.gov.cn|access-date=2018-11-23}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.jl.gov.cn/szfzt/stjlmlzg/zrbh/slgy/gjslgy/201507/t20150713_3768628.html|script-title=zh:生态吉林 美丽中国|publisher=Jilin Provincial People's Government|access-date=2018-11-23}} External links{{Commons category|Tonghua}}
2 : Cities in Jilin|Prefecture-level divisions of Jilin |
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