| 词条 | Tonkori |
| 释义 |
The {{nihongo|tonkori|トンコリ|}} is a plucked string instrument played by the Ainu people of Hokkaidō, northern Japan and Sakhalin. It generally has five strings, which are not stopped or fretted but simply played "open".[1] The instrument is believed to have been developed in Sakhalin.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} By the 1970s the instrument was practically extinct, but is experiencing a revival along with the increased interest in Ainu heritage.[1][2] ConstructionThe instrument is typically constructed of a single piece of Jezo spruce approximately a metre long.[1] Its shape is traditionally said to resemble a woman's body, and the corresponding words are used for its parts.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} A pebble is placed within the body-cavity of the instrument, granting it a "soul".[3] The instrument tends to measure approximately 120 cm long, 10 cm wide, and 5 cm thick.[6] The tonkori's strings are made of gut,[4] deer tendon,[5] or vegetable fiber. While five-string tonkori are the most frequently mentioned, they could have as few as two[6] or as many as six strings.[7] The strings are not tuned in order of pitch, but are instead in a reentrant tuning alternating between higher and lower strings, rising and falling by a fifths in a pentatonic scale, often a-d'-g'-c'-f'.[6][8] A similar style of reentrant tuning a was used by the ancient Japanese version of the koto, the wagon.[9] PerformanceThe tonkori is played angled across the chest, strings outward, while both hands pluck the open strings from opposite sides. The instrument was used to accompany songs or dances, or played solo.[1][6] The tonkori was traditionally played by both men and women.[10] One description of traditional tonkori technique noted that a player would strum across all the strings, and then pluck a single string with his opposite hand.[11] Another description notes that "the thumbs pluck in an outward direction only."[12] RevivalThe most prominent modern tonkori performer is Oki Kano, who often uses the instrument in contemporary and cross-cultural performances and recordings. The researcher Nobuhiko Chiba has been prominent among those researching and analysing the instrument and its music.[6] EtymologyThe term tonkori is an onomatopoeic description of the sound of the instrument.[13] The tonkori was also referred to as the ka ("string").[1][14] The late-1800s explorer A. H. Savage Landor documented the tonkori, stating that it was referred to only as mukko ("musical instrument").[15] Linguist Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney noted that /tonkori/ was sometimes pronounced with either a voiced or voiceless stop on the initial sound: [donkori] or [tonkori].[16] One 1962 French publication notes the usage of the spelling donkori in an earlier work,[17] while the 1969 Asian Review appears to use tonguri and tongari as alternate spellings.[18] Players
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Further reading
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|author=Alison Tokita|title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2JTgQGc99EC&pg=PA338|accessdate=22 May 2012|year=2008|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5699-9|pages=338–}} {{Traditional Japanese musical instruments}}2. ^Takashi Ogawa. Traditional Music of the Ainu Journal of the International Folk Music Council, Vol. 13, (1961) - Notes that at publication the instrument was only found in museums 3. ^{{cite book|author=Donald R. Schlief|title=Jitensha: Down the Japanese Archipelago on a Bicycle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MByH4qr9QzoC&pg=PA115|accessdate=18 May 2012|date=4 April 2005|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4120-5033-3|pages=115–}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=The Wire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_g4AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=22 May 2012|year=2005|publisher=C. Parker|page=61}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Ann B. Irish|title=Hokkaido: A History of Ethnic Transition and Development on Japan's Northern Island|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9EBuQK-NRQC&pg=PA35|accessdate=22 May 2012|date=14 October 2009|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4449-6|pages=35–}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=William P. Malm|title=Japanese music and musical instruments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkTaAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=22 May 2012|year=1959|publisher=C. E. Tuttle Co.|page=247}} 7. ^{{cite book|author1=William W. Fitzhugh|author2=Chisato O. Dubreuil|author3=Arctic Studies Center (National Museum of Natural History)|title=Ainu: spirit of a northern people|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPsNAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=22 May 2012|year=1999|publisher=Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution in association with University of Washington Press}} 8. ^{{cite book|title=Experimental musical instruments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAkwAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=22 May 2012|year=1994|publisher=Experimental Musical Instruments}} 9. ^{{cite book|author1=ICTM Study Group on Music Archaeology. International Meeting|author2=Ellen Hickmann|author3=Dr. David W. Hughes|title=The archaeology of early music cultures: Third International Meeting of the ICTM Study Group on Music Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0YXAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=22 May 2012|year=1988|publisher=Verlag für systematische Musikwissenschaft}} 10. ^{{cite book|author1=Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney|author2=American Anthropological Association|title=Sakhalin Ainu folklore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ut4SAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=22 May 2012|year=1969|publisher=American Anthropological Association}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZFFgXoLUwkC&pg=PA5&dq=tonkori+pluck&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BPfhT_bAIonm0QHw66ygAw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=tonkori%20pluck&f=false|title=Music of a Thousand Autumns|work=google.com|accessdate=30 October 2015}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FO3ZAAAAMAAJ&q=tonkori+pluck&dq=tonkori+pluck&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BPfhT_bAIonm0QHw66ygAw&ved=0CGMQ6AEwCQ|title=Asian Musics in an Asian Perspective|work=google.com|accessdate=30 October 2015}} 13. ^1 2 3 4 New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Vol. 12 pg 383f. 14. ^{{cite book|author=Katsuichi Honda|title=Harukor: An Ainu Woman's Tale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhVpRXZlw9UC&pg=PA182|accessdate=22 May 2012|date=12 April 2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-21020-2|pages=182–}} 15. ^A. H. Savage Landor. Alone With the Hairy Ainu, or 3,800 Miles on a Pack Saddle In Yezo and a Cruise to the Kurile Islands. John Murray, Albemarle Street, London 1893. 16. ^{{cite book|author=Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney|title=Illness and Healing Among the Sakhalin Ainu: A Symbolic Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTo9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR15|accessdate=22 May 2012|date=31 August 1981|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-23636-2|pages=15–}} 17. ^{{cite book|author=Centre international de dialectologie générale|title=Orbis: bulletin international de documentation linguistique|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4MUAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=22 May 2012|year=1962|publisher=Le Centre|page=212}} - donkori 'Musical instr. stringed like thé samisen', (B) tonkori 'A harp' (traduction médiocre ; sa traduction japonaise, 'ainu no koto 18. ^{{cite book|author1=Demetrius Charles Boulger|author2=East India Association (London, England)|author3=Oriental Institute (Woking, England)|title=Asian review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sh4sAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=28 May 2012|year=1969|publisher=East & West|page=277}} 2 : Zithers|Ainu musical instruments |
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