| 词条 | Tonnetz |
| 释义 |
In musical tuning and harmony, the Tonnetz ({{lang-de|tone-network}}) is a conceptual lattice diagram representing tonal space first described by Leonhard Euler in 1739.[1] Various visual representations of the Tonnetz can be used to show traditional harmonic relationships in European classical music. History through 1900The Tonnetz originally appeared in Euler's 1739 Tentamen novae theoriae musicae ex certissismis harmoniae principiis dilucide expositae. Euler's Tonnetz, pictured at left, shows the triadic relationships of the perfect fifth and the major third: at the top of the image is the note F, and to the left underneath is C (a perfect fifth above F), and to the right is A (a major third above F). The space was rediscovered in 1858 by Ernst Naumann, and was disseminated in an 1866 treatise of Arthur von Oettingen. Oettingen and the influential musicologist Hugo Riemann (not to be confused with the mathematician Bernhard Riemann) explored the capacity of the space to chart harmonic motion between chords and modulation between keys. Similar understandings of the Tonnetz appeared in the work of many late-19th century German music theorists.[2] Oettingen and Riemann both conceived of the relationships in the chart being defined through just intonation, which uses pure intervals. One can extend out one of the horizontal rows of the Tonnetz indefinitely, to form a never-ending sequence of perfect fifths: F-C-G-D-A-E-B-F#-C#-G#-D#-A#-E#-B#-Fx-Cx-Gx- (etc.) Starting with F, after 12 perfect fifths, one reaches E#. Perfect fifths in just intonation are slightly larger than the compromised fifths used in equal temperament tuning systems more common in the present. This means that when one stacks 12 fifths starting from F, the E# we arrive at will not be exactly seven octaves above the F we started with. Oettingen and Riemann's Tonnetz thus extended on infinitely in every direction without actually repeating any pitches. The appeal of the Tonnetz to 19th-century German theorists was that it allows spatial representations of tonal distance and tonal relationships. For example, looking at the dark blue A minor triad in the graphic at the beginning of the article, its parallel major triad (A-C#-E) is the triangle right below, sharing the vertices A and E. The relative major of A minor, C major (C-E-G) is the upper-right adjacent triangle, sharing the C and the E vertices. The dominant triad of A minor, E major (E-G#-B) is diagonally across the E vertex, and shares no other vertices. One important point is that every shared vertex between a pair of triangles is a shared pitch between chords - the more shared vertices, the more shared pitches the chord will have. This provides a visualization of the principle of parsimonious voice-leading, in which motions between chords are considered smoother when fewer pitches change. This principle is especially important in analyzing the music of late-19th century composers like Wagner, who frequently avoided traditional tonal relationships. [2] Twentieth-century reinterpretation{{main|Neo-Riemannian theory}}Recent research by Neo-Riemannian music theorists David Lewin, Brian Hyer, and others, have revived the Tonnetz to further explore properties of pitch structures. [2] Modern music theorists generally construct the Tonnetz using equal temperament,[2] and using pitch-classes, which make no distinction between octave transpositions of a pitch. Under equal temperament, the never-ending series of ascending fifths mentioned earlier becomes a cycle. Neo-Riemannian theorists typically assume enharmonic equivalence (in other words, Ab = G#), and so the two-dimensional plane of the 19th-century Tonnetz cycles in on itself in two different directions, and is mathematically isomorphic to a torus. Theorists have studied the structure of this new cyclical version using mathematical group theory{{citation needed|reason=Which theorists?|date=March 2016}}. Neo-Riemannian theorists have also used the Tonnetz to visualize non-tonal triadic relationships. For example, the diagonal going up and to the left from C in the diagram at the beginning of the article forms a division of the octave in three major thirds: C-Ab-E-C (the E is actually an Fb, and the final C a Dbb). Richard Cohn argues that while a sequence of triads built on these three pitches (C major, Ab major, and E major) cannot be adequately described using traditional concepts of functional harmony, this cycle has smooth voice leading and other important group properties which can be easily observed on the Tonnetz. [3] Similarities to other graphical systemsThe harmonic table note layout is a recently{{when|date=May 2012}} developed musical interface that uses a note layout topologically equivalent to the Tonnetz. A Tonnetz of the syntonic temperament can be derived from a given isomorphic keyboard by connecting lines of successive perfect fifths, lines of successive major thirds, and lines of successive minor thirds.[4] Like a Tonnetz itself, the isomorphic keyboard is tuning invariant. The topology of the syntonic temperament's Tonnetz is generally cylindrical. The Tonnetz is the dual graph of Schoenberg's chart of the regions,[5] and of course vice versa. Research into music cognition has demonstrated that the human brain uses a "chart of the regions" to process tonal relationships.[6] See also
References1. ^{{cite book | last = Euler | first = Leonhard|authorlink=Leonhard Euler | year = 1739 | language = Latin | title = Tentamen novae theoriae musicae ex certissismis harmoniae principiis dilucide expositae | pages = 147 | publisher = Saint Petersburg Academy}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Cohn|first1=Richard|title=Introduction to Neo-Riemannian Theory: A Survey and a Historical Perspective|journal=Journal of Music Theory|year=1998|volume=42|issue=2 Autumn|pages=167–180|ref=harv|jstor=843871|doi=10.2307/843871}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last=Cohn|first=Richard|title=Maximally Smooth Cycles, Hexatonic Systems, and the Analysis of Late-Romantic Triadic Progressions|journal=Music Analysis|date=March 1996|volume=15|issue=1|pages=9–40|doi=10.2307/854168|jstor=854168}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Milne|first1=A.|last2=Sethares|first2=W. A.|last3=Plamondon|first3=J.|authorlink2=William Sethares|title=Invariant fingerings across a tuning continuum|journal=Computer Music Journal|year=2007|volume=31|issue=4 Winter|pages=15–32|ref=harv|doi=10.1162/comj.2007.31.4.15}} 5. ^{{cite book | last = Schoenberg | first = Arnold |author2=Stein, L. | year = 1969 | title = Structural Functions of Harmony | publisher = Norton | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-393-00478-6}} 6. ^{{cite journal | first = Petr | last = Janata |author2=Jeffrey L. Birk |author3=John D. Van Horn |author4=Marc Leman |author5=Barbara Tillmann |author6=Jamshed J. Bharucha |date=December 2002 | title = The Cortical Topography of Tonal Structures Underlying Western Music | journal = Science | volume = 298 | issue = 5601 | pages = 2167–2170 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/298/5601/2167 | doi = 10.1126/science.1076262 | pmid = 12481131 |bibcode=2002Sci...298.2167J}} External links
4 : Diagrams|Lattice theory|Pitch space|Topology |
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