| 词条 | Torwali language | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Torwali |region=Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |speakers= Estimated 110,000[1][2] |date = 2001 |ref=e18 |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=Indo-Iranian |fam3=Indo-Aryan |fam4=Dardic |fam5=Kohistani |iso3=trw |glotto=torw1241 |glottorefname=Torwali |script=Arabic script }}Torwali ({{lang-ur|{{nastaliq|توروالی}}}}) is a Dardic[3] language of the Northwestern Indo-Aryan family mainly spoken in the Bahrain and Chail areas of the Swat District in Northern Pakistan.[4] It is said to have originated from the pre-Muslim Dardic communities of Pakistan.[5] two dialects (the Bahrain and Chail).[6] The language and its community, like other communities, Gawri in Swat and in Dir, and the ones in Indus Kohistan, is often referred to as "Kohistani" which is a name given by the Swat Pathans. Fredrik Barth says "By the Swat Pathans, the people are known as Kohistanis, together with the other non-Pathan peoples given that name; together with the Torwilis, Kohistanis of Swat Kohistan". The Afghans call them 'Kohistani'--a name everywhere given by Pathans to 'the Mussulmans of Indic descent living' in Hindu Kush.[7][8] Close to 30-35% of its speakers have migrated permanently to the bigger cities of Pakistan where their language is either being replaced by the national language Urdu, or by other languages of wider communication such as Pashto or Punjabi. The language Torwali is said to have originated from the pre-Muslim Dardic communities of Swat.[9] Endangerment: Torwali is among the 27 endangered languages according to the UNESCO's Atlas of endangered languages.[10]. Efforts to revitalize the Torwali language were started back in 2004 and mother tongue community schools were planned and established by Idara Baraye Taleem-o-Taraqi (IBT). [11] Zubair Torwali founded Idara Baraye Taleem-o-Taraqi (IBT)--the institute for education and development. He and his team started introduced mother tongue based multilingual education in Bahrain Swat and started advocacy for its revitalization.[12] PhonologyAlthough descriptions of Torwali phonology have appeared in the literature, some questions still remain unanswered.[13][14] Vowels
Edelman's analysis, which was based on Grierson and Morgenstierne, shows nasal counterparts to at least {{IPA|/e o a/}} and also found a series of central (reduced?) vowels, transcribed as: {{angbr|ä}}, {{angbr|ü}}, {{angbr|ö}}.[13]
Lunsford had some difficulty determining vowel phonemes and suggested there may be retracted vowels with limited distribution: {{IPA|/ɨ/}} (which may be {{IPA|[i̙]}}), {{IPA|/e̙/, /ə̙/}}.[14] Retracted or retroflex vowels are also found in Kalash-mondr.[15] ConsonantsThe phonemic status of the breathy voiced series is debatable. Sounds with particularly uncertain status are marked with a superscript question mark.
References1. ^ {{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Amber |title=Timeline of Torwali Speaker Estimates |url=https://torwali.omeka.net/exhibits/show/torwaliexhibit/endangerment |website=torwali.omeka.net |publisher=Amber Khan for Southern Illinois University Edwardsville |accessdate=31 March 2019}} 2. ^{{cite web |last1=Torwali |first1=Zubair |title=Vestiges of Torwali culture |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292146617_Vestiges_of_Torwali_culture |website=Researchgate.net |publisher=Idara Baraye Taleem-o-Taraqi (IBT) |accessdate=31 March 2019 |location=Bahrain Swat |page=4 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.2272.1049 |date=2014}} 3. ^{{cite journal |last1=Kreutzmann |first1=Hermann |title=Linguistic diversity in space and time: A survey in the Eastern Hindukush and Karakoram |journal=Himalayan Linguistics |date=2005 |volume=4 |page=7 |publisher=Center for Development Studies, Free University of Berlin}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Torwali |first1=Zubair |title=Reversing Language Loss through an Identity Based Educational Planning: The Case of Torwali language |journal=Eurasian Journal of Humanities |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=24 |issn=2413-9947 |url=http://www.eurasianjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Article-2.-Reversing-language-loss-through-an-identity-based-educational-planning%E2%80%94the-case-of-Torwali-2.docx-1.pdf}} 5. ^{{cite book |last1=Alian, |first1=& Inam-ur-Rahim. |title=Swat: an An Afghan Society in Pakistan |date=2002 |publisher=City Press and Graduate Institute of Developmental Studies |location=Geneva, Switzerland}} 6. ^Ullah, Inam (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173441/http://crcl.th.net/sealex/Ullah_TorwaliDict.pdf "Lexical database of the Torwali Dictionary"], paper presented at the Asia Lexicography Conference, Chiangmai, Thailand, May 24–26 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Biddulph |first1=John |title=Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh |date=1880 |publisher=1971 edition Akadmeische Druck u Verlagasasntalt |location=Graz, Austria |page=69 |url=http://www.mahraka.com/pdf/TribesOfTheHindooKoosh.pdf}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Barth |first1=Fredrik |title=Indus and Swat Kohistan: an Ethnographic Survey |date=1956 |location=Oslo |page=52}} The Pathans call them, and all other Muhammadans of Indian descent in the Hindu Kush valleys, Kohistanis. The Pathans call them, and all other Muhammadans of Indian descent in the Hindu Kush valleys, Kohistanis. 9. ^{{cite web |last1=Torwali |first1=Zubair |title=Revitalization of Torwali poetry and music |url=https://wemountains.com/03/04/1143/ |website=We Mountains – Regional Website of North Pakistan |publisher=IBT |accessdate=5 March 2019}} 10. ^{{cite journal |last1=Torwali |first1=Zubair |title=Reversing Language Loss through an Identity Based Educational Planning: The Case of Torwali language |journal=Eurasian Journal of Humanities |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=24 |url=http://www.eurasianjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Article-2.-Reversing-language-loss-through-an-identity-based-educational-planning%E2%80%94the-case-of-Torwali-2.docx-1.pdf}} 11. ^{{cite book |last1=Lilgegren |first1=Henrik |title=Supporting and sustaining language vitality in northern Pakistan |date=March 2018 |publisher=Routledge |page=431 | |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323772940_Supporting_and_sustaining_language_vitality_in_northern_Pakistan |language=English |chapter=41}} 12. ^{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Amber |title=Community Responses |url=https://torwali.omeka.net/exhibits/show/torwaliexhibit/community-response |website=torwali.omeka.net |publisher=Amber Khan |accessdate=31 March 2019}} 13. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Edelman|first=D. I.|title=The Dardic and Nuristani Languages|year=1983|publisher=Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR)|location=Moscow}} 14. ^1 2 {{Citation|last= Lunsford |first= Wayne A. |title= An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan |journal= M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington |year= 2001|url= http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf | pages= 26–30}} 15. ^{{Citation|last=Kochetov |first=Alexei |last2=Arsenault |first2=Paul |title=Retroflex harmony in Kalasha: Agreement or spreading? |year= 2008 |url=http://individual.utoronto.ca/arsenault/files/nels39_hndt_kalasha.pdf |series= NELS |volume= 39 |publisher= Cornell University |page=4}} Bibliography
External links{{Incubator|code=trw}}
2 : Dardic languages|Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
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