| 词条 | TOS-1 |
| 释义 |
|name=ТОС-1 TOS-1 Buratino |image=ТОС-1А Буратино на репетиции парада 4.5.2010.jpg |image_size=300 |caption=ТОS-1A – Russian 24-barrel multiple rocket launcher |origin=Soviet Union |type=Multiple rocket launcher |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery=yes |is_vehicle=yes |is_UK= |service= 1988–present |used_by=Soviet Union, Russian Federation, Azerbaijan |wars=Soviet–Afghan War Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Second Chechen War Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)[1] Syrian Civil War War in Donbass |designer=Omsk Transmash Design Bureau |design_date=1988 |manufacturer= |production_date=1987–present |number= |variants=TOS-1A |weight={{convert|45.3|t|lb|abbr=on}} |length={{convert|9.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |part_length= |width={{convert|3.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height={{convert|2.22|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |crew=3 |cartridge= |caliber={{convert|220|mm|in|abbr=on}} |action= |rate=30 rounds/15 s |velocity= |range=500–3,500 m (TOS-1) 6,000 m (TOS-1A) |max_range= |feed= |sights= |breech= |recoil= |carriage= |elevation= |traverse= |blade_type= |hilt_type= |sheath_type= |head_type= |haft_type= |diameter= |filling= |filling_weight= |detonation= |yield= |armour= |primary_armament= |secondary_armament= |engine=V-84 Diesel |engine_power={{convert|840|hp|kW|abbr=on}} |pw_ratio= |suspension= |vehicle_range={{convert|550|km|mi|abbr=on}} |speed={{convert|60|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} }} TOS-1 ({{lang-ru|тяжёлая огнемётная система (ТОС-1)}}, Heavy Flamethrower System) is a Soviet 220mm 30-barrel (original system, Ob.634 or TOS-1M) or 24-barrel (Ob.634B or TOS-1A) multiple rocket launcher and thermobaric weapon mounted on a T-72 tank chassis. TOS-1 was designed for defeating enemy personnel in fortifications, in open country, and in lightly armoured vehicles and transport. First combat tests took place in 1988–1989 in the Panjshir Valley during the Soviet–Afghan War. The TOS-1 was shown for the first time in public in 1999 in Omsk. TOS-1 is not assigned to the artillery units of the Russian Armed Forces but is found in Russian NBC Protection Troops ({{lang-ru|Войскa радиационной, химической и биологической защиты (Войска РХБ защиты)}}).[2] That is why it does not have a GRAU index, but rather an RKhBZ index—МO.1.01.00. DevelopmentThe idea of a heavy short-range MLRS to launch rockets equipped with incendiary and thermobaric warheads arose in the late 1970s. The combat system consisting of the combat vehicle, rockets, and loading vehicle was developed in early 1980s at KBTM in Omsk and was named TOS-1, remaining a secret development for a long time. The TOS-1 is intended to engage military personnel, equipment, and buildings, including fortified constructions. The combat vehicle acts within the combat order of infantry and tanks. The large mass of the launcher and the need for a high-level of protection (due to the relatively short range of {{convert|3500|m|ft|abbr=on}}) helped determine the use of the chassis of the T-72 main battle tank. The TZM reloading vehicle was built on the chassis of a KrAZ-255B cross-country truck and equipped with a crane for loading/unloading of the launcher. In 2003, the improved TOS-1A system entered service. The improved system's range has been extended to 6 kilometers and its ballistic computer has been upgraded.[3] The nickname "Buratino" originates with the name of the hero of a Russian retelling of the Pinocchio tale (by Alexey Tolstoy), given the perception of the big "nose" of the launcher. In September 2016, Russia was developing a new rocket for the TOS-1A with a planned range of 10 km, achieved in part by weight and size reductions of a new fuel air explosive mixture in the warhead, while also increasing the power of the warhead. However, minimum range is extended from 400 m to 1.6 km, so the shorter-range M0.1.01.04M rocket will be retained for close combat environments.[4] In 2018, Russian NBC Protection Troops received 30 TOS-1A Solntsepyok (Sunburn) 220 mm multiple rocket launchers.[5] Saudi Arabian Military Industries signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Rosoboronexport for the local production of the TOS-1A.[6]Combat historyTOS-1s were first used in combat[7] in Afghanistan's Panjshir valley by the Soviet Union during the Soviet–Afghan War.[8][9] Later, they were used during the Second Chechen War, prominently by the Russian Army during the Battle of Grozny in 1999.[10] TOS-1As were first used in combat in Iraq by the Iraqi Army in the recapture of Jurf Al Sakhar on October 24, 2014 from ISIL forces.[11] The Iraqi Army launched at least three TOS-1 rockets on 18 June 2017 during the first day of an offensive to recapture the Old City of Mosul, Iraq, from the Islamic State, targeting school buildings held by Islamic State forces and known to be devoid of civilians.[12] The OSCE reported in September 2015 that the TOS-1 was sighted in a rebel training area in eastern Ukraine.[13] The TOS-1 was used in Syria on October 10, 2015 by Syrian Army forces against rebel forces in Hama.[14][15] In 2016 it was used against rebel forces in the Latakia mountains.[16] It was used again by the Syrian Army in April 2017 in the area of Palmyra,[17] and later that same month to destroy an ISIS camp.[18] Used once more by the SAA against ISIS in Al-Safa region in November 2018.[19] Azerbaijan used the TOS-1A against the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army on April 4, 2016.[20]System descriptionThe TOS-1A Solntsepyok ({{lang-ru|Солнцепёк}}, Blazing Sun, Sunheat) system consists of the following items:[21][22]
OperatorsCurrent operators
Former operators
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1a755ybJbE|title=Iraq: See the EXPLOSIVE Russian firepower helping Iraqi forces fight IS|via=YouTube|accessdate=23 December 2014}} 2. ^http://www.otvaga2004.narod.ru/otvaga2004/caleidoscope/flamethrowers_1.htm {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214195833/http://www.otvaga2004.narod.ru/otvaga2004/caleidoscope/flamethrowers_1.htm |date=February 14, 2010}} 3. ^http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/1224/122050259/detail.shtml 4. ^[https://sputniknews.com/military/201609221045589469-TOS1A-extended-range/ Russia's TOS-1A 'Sunheat' Heavy Flamethrower Just Nearly Doubled Its Range] - Sputniknews.com, 22 September 2016 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/82729/russian-cbrn-protection-troops-receive-30-tos-1a-mrls|title=Russian CBRN protection troops receive 30 TOS-1A MRLs {{!}} Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com|access-date=2018-09-12}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2017/10/05/Saudi-Arabian-Military-Industries-signs-agreement-to-manucafture-Russian-weapons-locally-.html|title=Saudi Arabia signs agreement to manufacture Russian weapons locally|website=english.alarabiya.net}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euWFB3nRXxE|title=Putin schickt nach Syrien & Irak die effektivste Waffe gegen den IS - TOS-1A|first=|last=Deutschland+Russland|date=21 September 2015|publisher=|via=YouTube}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a17324/the-scariest-soviet-tank-mounted-rocket-launcher-ever-will-blow-you-up-now/|title=This Russian Tank-Mounted Rocket Launcher Can Incinerate 8 City Blocks|date=14 September 2015|publisher=}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/tos-1.htm|title=TOS-1 Buratino 220mm Multiple Rocket Launcher|first=John|last=Pike|website=www.globalsecurity.org}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/war-is-boring/the-chechen-wars-cast-a-long-shadow-7b058a84ffe9|title=The Chechen Wars Cast a Long Shadow|first=War Is|last=Boring|date=28 March 2015|publisher=}} 11. ^{{cite web|last1=Salami|first1=Jassem Al|title=Led by an Armored Bulldozer, Shia Militia Fought to Restore Their Credibility|url=https://medium.com/war-is-boring/led-by-an-armored-bulldozer-shia-militia-fought-to-restore-their-credibility-8a6467a29174|website=War is Boring|publisher=Medium.com|accessdate=27 November 2014}} 12. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/they-will-fight-to-the-death-iraqi-forces-start-offensive-to-retake-last-area-of-mosul-held-by-militants/2017/06/18/ca390f08-53f3-11e7-be25-3a519335381c_story.html Morris, Loveday, "Iraqi forces fight their way into the narrow streets of Mosul’s historic center," Washington Post, June 18, 2017.] 13. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34425454|title=Ukraine rebels 'have new rockets'|date=2 October 2015|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fUgOJpuf50|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWdNdHB4BCk|title=TOS-1 Buratino Russian MLRS, burn up islamic terrorists in Hama|first=|last=odzadze123|date=25 November 2015|publisher=|via=YouTube}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Cf5RzijSRs|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}} 17. ^http://vpk-news.ru/news/36062 {{ru icon}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.liveleak.com/view?t=d6a_1492097056|title=Liveleak.com - TOS-1 "Buratino" burns terrorist's camp|publisher=}} 19. ^https://vpk-news.ru/news/46368 20. ^{{cite web|title=For the first time Azerbaijan has used heavy flamethrower systems|url=http://azeridaily.com/reality/17758|website=AZERI DAILY|accessdate=4 April 2016}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/artillery/tos_1a.htm|title=TOS-1A Heavy Flamethrower System - Military-Today.com|first=|last=ARG|website=www.military-today.com}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/tos-1a/tos-1a.shtml|title=Тяжёлая огнемётная система ТОС-1А|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/docs/77/772837_russia-new-brigade-for-radiation-defence-formed-in-russia-s.html|title=The Global Intelligence Files - RUSSIA - New brigade for radiation defence formed in Russia's Southern Military District|website=wikileaks.org}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/921184|title=Russian defense contractor puts new types of armament into production this year|publisher=}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0326/110045981/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / На вооружение полка РХБ защиты ЗВО поступили модернизированные тяжелые огнеметные системы ТОС-1А «Солнцепек»|website=www.armstrade.org}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0410/142046252/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / В ЮВО поступили модернизированные тяжелые огнеметные системы ТОС-1А «Буратино»|website=www.armstrade.org}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://xn--b1aga5aadd.xn--p1ai/2017/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F313/|title=Алжир закупил у России ТОС-1А "Солнцепек"|website=Военное.РФ}} 28. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.menadefense.net/2018/02/22/premieres-images-tos-1a-algerien/|title=Les premières images du TOS 1A Algérien - MENADEFENSE|date=2018-02-22|work=MENADEFENSE|access-date=2018-02-28|language=fr-FR}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/80061/algeria-unveils-tos-1a|title=Algeria unveils Tos-1A - Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vestnik-rm.ru/news-4-5037.htm|script-title=ru:Еще одна сенсационная сделка: Азербайджан закупил огнеметные системы ТОС-1А на базе Т-90|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014|language=ru}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.apa.az/xeber_russia_to_deliver_another_batch_of_tos-1_211838.html|title=APA – Russia to deliver another batch of TOS-1A heavy flamethrowers to Azerbaijan in the near future|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}} 32. ^The Military Balance 2017, p.201 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/58187/russia-details-usd200-million-arms-sale-to-armenia |title=Russia details USD200 million arms sale to Armenia|publisher= |accessdate=22 July 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208213403/http://www.janes.com/article/58187/russia-details-usd200-million-arms-sale-to-armenia |archivedate=8 February 2017 |df= }} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://bmpd.livejournal.com/937199.html |title=bmpd |publisher= |accessdate=23 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802224719/http://bmpd.livejournal.com/937199.html |archivedate=2 August 2014 |df= }} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2016/0921/101037163/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / «Известия»: тяжелая огнеметная система «Солнцепек» получит новейшие дальнобойные ракеты|website=www.armstrade.org}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bubblews.com/news/5388164-tos-1-multiple-rocket-launcher |title=TOS-1 multiple rocket launcher |work=Bubblews |accessdate=23 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218181744/http://www.bubblews.com/news/5388164-tos-1-multiple-rocket-launcher |archivedate=18 December 2014 |df= }} 37. ^{{cite web|author=Eugene Yanko, Copyright 1997 – info@warfare.ru |url=http://warfare.be/?catid=353&linkid=1582&title=tos-1-buratino-flamethrower |title=TOS-1 Buratino Flamethrower | Russian Arms, Military Technology, Analysis of Russia's Military Forces |publisher=Warfare.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-07-22}} 38. ^ {{cite news |url=https://rg.ru/2018/02/14/reg-urfo/komplekt-tiazhelyh-ognemetov-solncepek.html |title=Войска ЦВО получили комплект тяжелых огнеметов "Солнцепек" |work=Rossiyskaya Gazeta |date=2018-02-14}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0418/102046369/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / ТОС-1А «Солнцепек» последней модификации впервые поступили в общевойсковую армию ВВО в Приамурье|website=www.armstrade.org}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12174278@egNews|title=Solntsepek triples fire power of RChB troops, Eastern Military District : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation|website=eng.mil.ru}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0528/092046937/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Новое подразделение РХБ защиты на Алтае получило на вооружение тяжелые огнеметные системы «Солнцепек»|website=www.armstrade.org}} 42. ^https://www.janes.com/article/82729/russian-cbrn-protection-troops-receive-30-tos-1a-mrls 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stern.de/digital/technik/raketenwerfer-tos-1--putins-hoellenkanone-zerstoert-acht-haeuserblocks-auf-einmal-6504704.html|title=Hier zerstört Putins Höllenkanone eine Festung der Rebellen |publisher=STERN.de|accessdate=2 February 2016|language=de}} External links{{Commons category|TOS-1}}
5 : Self-propelled artillery of the Soviet Union|Modern thermobaric weapons of Russia|Multiple rocket launchers|Self-propelled artillery of Russia|Omsktransmash products |
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