词条 | Flash mob |
释义 |
A flash mob (or flashmob)[1] is a group of people who assemble suddenly in a public place, perform an unusual and seemingly pointless act for a brief time, then quickly disperse, often for the purposes of entertainment, satire, and artistic expression.[2][3][4] Flash mobs are organized via telecommunications, social media, or viral emails.[5][6][7][7][8] The term, coined in 2003, is generally not applied to events and performances organized for the purposes of politics (such as protests), commercial advertisement, publicity stunts that involve public relation firms, or paid professionals.[7][9][10] In these cases of a planned purpose for the social activity in question, the term smart mobs is often applied instead. The term "flash rob" or "flash mob robberies", a reference to the way flash mobs assemble, has been used to describe a number of robberies and assaults perpetrated suddenly by groups of teenage youth.[11][12][13] Bill Wasik, originator of the first flash mobs, and a number of other commentators have questioned or objected to the usage of "flash mob" to describe criminal acts.[13][14] HistoryFirst flash mobThe first flash mobs were created in Manhattan in 2003, by Bill Wasik, senior editor of Harper's Magazine.[7][8][15] The first attempt was unsuccessful after the targeted retail store was tipped off about the plan for people to gather.[16] Wasik avoided such problems during the first successful flash mob, which occurred on June 17, 2003 at Macy's department store, by sending participants to preliminary staging areas—in four Manhattan bars—where they received further instructions about the ultimate event and location just before the event began.[17] More than 130 people converged upon the ninth floor rug department of the store, gathering around an expensive rug. Anyone approached by a sales assistant was advised to say that the gatherers lived together in a warehouse on the outskirts of New York, that they were shopping for a "love rug", and that they made all their purchase decisions as a group.[18] Subsequently, 200 people flooded the lobby and mezzanine of the Hyatt hotel in synchronized applause for about 15 seconds, and a shoe boutique in SoHo was invaded by participants pretending to be tourists on a bus trip.[8] Wasik claimed that he created flash mobs as a social experiment designed to poke fun at hipsters and to highlight the cultural atmosphere of conformity and of wanting to be an insider or part of "the next big thing".[8] The Vancouver Sun wrote, "It may have backfired on him ... [Wasik] may instead have ended up giving conformity a vehicle that allowed it to appear nonconforming."[19] In another interview he said "the mobs started as a kind of playful social experiment meant to encourage spontaneity and big gatherings to temporarily take over commercial and public areas simply to show that they could".[20] Precedents and precursorsIn 19th-century Tasmania, the term flash mob was used to describe a subculture consisting of female prisoners, based on the term flash language for the jargon that these women used. The 19th-century Australian term flash mob referred to a segment of society, not an event, and showed no other similarities to the modern term flash mob or the events it describes.[21] In 1973, the story "Flash Crowd" by Larry Niven described a concept similar to flash mobs.[22] With the invention of popular and very inexpensive teleportation, an argument at a shopping mall—which happens to be covered by a news crew—quickly swells into a riot. In the story, broadcast coverage attracts the attention of other people, who use the widely available technology of the teleportation booth to swarm first that event—thus intensifying the riot—and then other events as they happen. Commenting on the social impact of such mobs, one character (articulating the police view) says, "We call them flash crowds, and we watch for them." In related short stories, they are named as a prime location for illegal activities (such as pickpocketing and looting) to take place. Flash mobs began as a form of performance art.[16] While they started as an apolitical act, flash mobs may share superficial similarities to political demonstrations. In the 1960s, groups such as the Yippies used street theatre to expose the public to political issues.[23] Flash mobs can be seen as a specialized form of smart mob,[24] a term and concept proposed by author Howard Rheingold in his 2002 book The Next Social Revolution.[25] Use of the termThe first documented use of the term flash mob as it is understood today was in 2003 in a blog entry posted in the aftermath of Wasik's event.[15][17][26] The term was inspired by the earlier term smart mob.[27] Flash mob was added to the 11th edition of the Concise Oxford English Dictionary on July 8, 2004 where it noted it as an "unusual and pointless act" separating it from other forms of smart mobs such as types of performance, protests, and other gatherings.[3][28] Also recognized noun derivatives are flash mobber and flash mobbing.[3] Webster's New Millennium Dictionary of English defines flash mob as "a group of people who organize on the Internet and then quickly assemble in a public place, do something bizarre, and disperse."[29] This definition is consistent with the original use of the term; however, both news media and promoters have subsequently used the term to refer to any form of smart mob, including political protests;[30] a collaborative Internet denial of service attack;[31] a collaborative supercomputing demonstration;[32] and promotional appearances by pop musicians.[33] The press has also used the term flash mob to refer to a practice in China where groups of shoppers arrange online to meet at a store in order to drive a collective bargain.[34] LegalityThe city of Brunswick, Germany has stopped flash mobs by strictly enforcing the already existing law of requiring a permit to use any public space for an event.[35] In the United Kingdom, a number of flash mobs have been stopped over concerns for public health and safety.[36] The British Transport Police have urged flash mob organizers to "refrain from holding such events at railway stations".[37] Crime{{main|Flash rob}}Referred to as flash robs, flash mob robberies, or flash robberies by the media, crimes organized by teenage youth using social media rose to international notoriety beginning in 2011.[11][12][13][38] The National Retail Federation does not classify these crimes as "flash mobs" but rather "multiple offender crimes" that utilize "flash mob tactics".[39][40] In a report, the NRF noted, "multiple offender crimes tend to involve groups or gangs of juveniles who already know each other, which does not earn them the term "flash mob"."[40] Mark Leary, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University, said that most "flash mob thuggery" involves crimes of violence that are otherwise ordinary, but are perpetrated suddenly by large, organized groups of people: "What social media adds is the ability to recruit such a large group of people, that individuals who would not rob a store or riot on their own feel freer to misbehave without being identified."[41] {{quotation |It's hard for me to believe that these kids saw some YouTube video of people Christmas caroling in a food court, and said, 'Hey, we should do that, except as a robbery!' More likely, they stumbled on the simple realization (like I did back in 2003, but like lots of other people had before and have since) that one consequence of all this technology is that you can coordinate a ton of people to show up in the same place at the same time.|Bill Wasik [42]}}{{quotation | These kids are taking part in what's basically a meme. They heard about it from friends, and probably saw it on YouTube, and now they're getting their chance to participate in it themselves.|Bill Wasik [13]}}HuffPost raised the question asking if "the media was responsible for stirring things up", and added that in some cases the local authorities did not confirm the use of social media making the "use of the term flash mob questionable."[14] Amanda Walgrove wrote that criminals involved in such activities don't refer to themselves as "flash mobs", but that this use of the term is nonetheless appropriate.[42] Dr. Linda Kiltz drew similar parallels between flash robs and the Occupy Movement stating, "As the use of social media increases, the potential for more flash mobs that are used for political protest and for criminal purposes is likely to increase.".[43]See also
References1. ^{{Cite journal | date = February 9, 2009 | journal = CNN.com | title = Facebook flashmob shuts down station | url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/02/09/uk.station.flashmob/index.html}} 2. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/uk/newsid_3876000/3876685.stm|title=Va-va-voom is in the dictionary |publisher=BBC|date=July 8, 2004|accessdate=May 5, 2010}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0972977#m_en_gb0972977|title=definition of flash mob from Oxford English Dictionaries Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=July 8, 2004|accessdate=May 9, 2010}} 4. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14509831|title=Mixed feelings over Philadelphia's flash-mob curfew|publisher=BBC|date=August 12, 2011}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://s.wsj.net/article/SB120814163599712081.html|title=Students Unleash A Pillow Fight On Manhattan|work=Wall Street Journal|last=Athavaley|first=Anjali|date=April 15, 2008|accessdate=May 19, 2008}} 6. ^{{cite news|url=http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/theampersand/archive/2008/03/21/let-the-feathers-fly.aspx |last=Fitzgerald |first=Sean D. |title=International Pillow Fight Day: Let the feathers fly! |work=National Post |location=Canada |date=March 21, 2008 |accessdate=May 19, 2008 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=4758736&page=1|title=Time Freezes in Central London|publisher=ABC News|date=April 30, 2008 |accessdate=January 25, 2009}} 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/04/flash.mob/|title='Flash mob' craze spreads|author=Sandra Shmueli|publisher=CNN|date=August 8, 2003}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://aglomerarispontane.weblog.ro/2004-12-05/20168/Manifestul-Aglomerarilor-Spontane---A-Flashmob-Manifesto.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209041136/http://aglomerarispontane.weblog.ro/2004-12-05/20168/Manifestul-Aglomerarilor-Spontane---A-Flashmob-Manifesto.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=February 9, 2007|title=Manifestul Aglomerarilor Spontane / A Flashmob Manifesto|date=December 5, 2004|accessdate=December 27, 2011|df=mdy-all}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/911773--failed-choral-flash-mob-may-not-have-qualified-for-term|title=Failed choral 'flash mob' may not have qualified for term|work=Toronto Star|author= Ed Fletcher|date=December 23, 2010|accessdate=December 30, 2010}} 11. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/06/18/top-five-most-brazen-flash-mob-robberies/ | title = Teenage Flash Mob Robberies on the Rise | author = Annie Vaughan | date = 18 June 2011 | publisher = Fox News | accessdate = 2014-06-18 }} 12. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/05/12/flash-mobs-turned-criminal-the-rise-of-flash-robberies/ | title = Flash Mobs Turned Criminal: The Rise of Flash Robberies | author = Erin Skarda | date = 12 May 2011 | publisher = TIME | accessdate = 2014-06-18}} 13. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | url = https://www.wired.com/2011/11/flash-robs/ | title = 'Flash Robs': Trying to Stop a Meme Gone Wrong | author = Bill Wasik | publisher = Wired | date = 11 November 2011 | accessdate = 2014-06-19}} 14. ^1 {{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/08/illinois-rifle-associatio_n_872644.html | title='Flash Mob' Attacks Used By Gun Rights Advocates To Build Concealed Carry Support | publisher=The Huffington Post | date=8 August 2011 | accessdate=2014-06-17}} 15. ^1 {{cite journal | first = Bill | last = Wasik | title = #Riot: Self-Organized, Hyper-Networked Revolts—Coming to a City Near You | url = https://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/12/ff_riots/all/1 | journal = Wired |date=January 2012 | accessdate =January 22, 2012 }} 16. ^1 {{cite journal | first = Lauren | last = Goldstein | title = The Mob Rules | date = August 10, 2003 | journal = Time Europe | url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,474547,00.html | accessdate =March 14, 2007 | volume = 162 | issue = 7 - April 18, 2003 | issn = 0040-781X | oclc = 1767509 }} 17. ^1 {{cite journal | first = Bill | last = Wasik | title = My Crowd, or, Phase 5: A report from the inventor of the flash mob | url = http://harpers.org/archive/2006/03/my-crowd/1/ | format = Subscription | journal = Harper's Magazine | pages = 56–66 |date=March 2006 | accessdate =February 2, 2007 | issn = 0017-789X | oclc = 4532730 }} 18. ^Bedell, Doug. "E-mail Communication Facilitates New 'Flash Mob' Phenomenon", Knight Ridder Tribune Business News, July 23, (2003) 19. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=f4b1b51f-1340-46b3-8c14-97405c63b5fe |title=Waterfight in Stanley Park, but are flash mobs starting to lose their edge? |publisher=Canwest Publishing Inc |last=McMartin |first=Pete |date=July 12, 2008 |accessdate=July 14, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714033940/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=f4b1b51f-1340-46b3-8c14-97405c63b5fe |archivedate=July 14, 2008 |df=mdy }} 20. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/us/25mobs.html|title=Mobs Are Born as Word Grows by Text Message|author=Ian Urbina|date=March 24, 2010|work=The New York Times| accessdate=December 30, 2010}} 21. ^{{cite web | title = The Flash Mob | url = http://www.femalefactory.com.au/FFRG/convicts.htm#Flash | work = Cascades Female Factory Historic Site | publisher = Female Factory Historic Site Ltd. | accessdate = October 23, 2007 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071006203135/http://www.femalefactory.com.au/FFRG/convicts.htm#Flash | archivedate = October 6, 2007 | df = mdy-all }} 22. ^Nold, Christian (2003). "Legible Mob". p. 23. 23. ^Cosmic Trigger III, Robert Anton Wilson, 1995, New Falcon Publications 24. ^1 2 3 {{cite news| url= http://journal.fibreculture.org/issue6/issue6_nicholson.html| author=Judith A. Nicholson|title=Flash! Mobs in the Age of Mobile Connectivity|publisher=Fibreculture Publications/Open Humanities Press|accessdate=July 15, 2009}} 25. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/03/03/timep.smart.mobs.tm/| title=Day of the smart mobs|author=Chris Taylor|date=March 3, 2003|publisher=CNN}} 26. ^{{cite news|url=http://observer.com/2014/06/the-new-york-times-magazine-names-bill-wasik-deputy-editor/|title=The New York Times Magazine Names Bill Wasik Deputy Editor|publisher=The New York Observer|date=10 June 2014|author=Kara Bloomgarden-Smoke|accessdate=2016-01-17}} 27. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.wordspy.com/words/flashmob.asp | title = flash mob | first = Paul | last = McFedries | authorlink = Paul McFedries | publisher = Logophilia Limited | work = WordSpy.com | date = July 14, 2003 | accessdate =March 14, 2006 }} 28. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/3876017.stm|title=Henry inspires English dictionary|publisher=BBC|date=July 8, 2004|accessdate=May 9, 2010}} 29. ^{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Webster's New Millennium Dictionary of English, Preview Edition (v 0.9.6) | title = flash mob | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flash%20mob | accessdate =April 27, 2007}} 30. ^{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3496030.stm | title = Putin protest by flash mob |work=BBC News | date = February 28, 2004 | accessdate =May 3, 2007 }} 31. ^{{cite news | first = Steven | last = Musil | title = This week in Web threats: The Internet is always good for a little fear and loathing | url = http://news.cnet.com/This+week+in+Web+threats/2100-7349_3-5572700.html | work = CNET News | publisher = CNET | date = February 11, 2005 | accessdate =May 3, 2007 }} 32. ^{{cite news | first = Celeste | last = Biever | title = A Flash mob to attempt supercomputing feat | url = https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn4826 | work = New Scientist | issn=0262-4079|oclc= 2378350 | date = March 29, 2004}} 33. ^{{cite news | first = Elysa | last = Gardner | title = Avril Lavigne, in the flesh, at 'flash mob' appearances | url = http://www.mywire.com/pubs/USATODAY/2004/02/27/384917?extID=10051 |work=USA Today | date = February 27, 2004 | accessdate =May 3, 2007 }} 34. ^{{cite web | url = http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/SavingandDebt/FindDealsOnline/ChinasNewShoppingCrazeTeamBuying.aspx | title = China's new shopping craze: 'Team buying' | work = Christian Science Monitor | date = December 5, 2007 | accessdate =February 12, 2008 }} 35. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.thelocal.de/society/20090728-20875.html|title=Flash mobs banned in Braunschweig|date=July 28, 2009 | publisher=The Local Europe|accessdate=December 30, 2010}} 36. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-world/2008/05/19/videos-police-step-in-to-prevent-facebook-flash-mob-events-115875-20423056/|title=Videos: Police step in to prevent Facebook flash mob events|author=Robert Leigh|work=Daily Mirror |date=May 19, 2008|accessdate=December 30, 2010}} 37. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/7913034.stm|title=Rail police criticise flash mobs|publisher=BBC News| date=February 26, 2009|accessdate=December 30, 2010}} 38. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.citylab.com/crime/2011/09/violent-flash-mobs-trend/143/ | title = Are Violent 'Flash Mobs' Really a Trend? | author = Daniel Denvir | date = 26 Sep 2011 | publisher = CityLab | accessdate = 2014-06-18}} 39. ^{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8hHFZx_tUhcC&pg=PA163&dq=flash%20mob%20association%20with%20crimes#v=onepage&q=flash%20mob | title = Encyclopedia of Street Crime in America | author = Jeffrey Ian Ross | date = 2013 | publisher = Sage Publications | ISBN = 141299957X | accessdate = 2014-06-18}} 40. ^1 {{cite web | url = https://nrf.com/sites/default/files/Documents/Multiple_Offender_Crimes_1.pdf | title = Multiple Offender Crimes | publisher = National Retail Federation | date = 2011 | format = PDF | accessdate = 2014-06-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233433/https://nrf.com/sites/default/files/Documents/Multiple_Offender_Crimes_1.pdf | archive-date = July 14, 2014 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 41. ^{{cite web|last=Leary|first=Mark|title=Why People Take Part in Violent Flash Mobs|url=http://today.duke.edu/2011/08/tip-flash-mobs|publisher=Duke University News and Communications|accessdate=September 6, 2011}} 42. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://www.thefastertimes.com/news/2011/06/30/who-put-the-flash-mob-in-flash-mob-robberies/ | title = Who Put the 'Flash Mob' in Flash Mob Robberies? | author = Amanda Walgrove | date = 20 June 2011 | publisher = The Faster Times | accessdate = 2014-06-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903113444/http://www.thefastertimes.com/news/2011/06/30/who-put-the-flash-mob-in-flash-mob-robberies/ | archive-date = September 3, 2014 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 43. ^{{cite news | url = http://webapps.icma.org/pm/9311/public/cover.cfm?author=Linda%20Kiltz&title=Flash%20Mobs%3A%20The%20Newest%20Threat%20to%20Local%20Governments&subtitle#f8 | title = Flash Mobs: The Newest Threat to Local Governments | publisher = PM Magazine | issue = December 2011 | author = Linda Kiltz | accessdate = 2014-06-18 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120952/http://webapps.icma.org/pm/9311/public/cover.cfm?author=Linda%20Kiltz&title=Flash%20Mobs%3A%20The%20Newest%20Threat%20to%20Local%20Governments&subtitle#f8 | archivedate = August 26, 2014 | df = mdy-all }} Further reading
External links{{wiktionary|Flash mob}}
6 : Flash mob|Culture jamming techniques|Community organizing|Internet memes|Politics and technology|2000s fads and trends |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。