| 词条 | Transdev Brisbane Ferries | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Transdev Brisbane Ferries | logo = Transdev logo.svg | image = Brisbane CityCats.jpg | caption = | type = | genre = | predecessor = River Connections | successor = | foundation = November 2003 | founder = | location_city = Brisbane | location_country = Australia | area_served = Brisbane River | key_people = Tilly (Natalie) Loughborough - Managing Director[1] | industry = | services = Ferry services | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | assets = | equity = | owner = | num_employees = 200 | parent = Transdev Australasia | divisions = | subsid = | homepage = {{url|http://www.transdevbrisbane.com.au/brisbane-ferries/about/}} }} Transdev Brisbane Ferries (formerly Metrolink Queensland & TransdevTSL Brisbane Ferries) is the operator of the Brisbane City Council's ferry network under the TransLink integrated public transport scheme on the Brisbane River. HistoryIn August 1991, River Connections took over the operation of Brisbane City Council's fleet of Cityferries. CityCat services began in November 1996 with six vessels, each capable of carrying 149 passengers, with two further vessels added to the fleet in 1998.[2] In December 1998 services east of Norman Park were withdrawn.[3] In November 2003, Metrolink Queensland (a joint venture between Transdev and Transfield Services) was contracted to operate CityCat and Cityferry services for seven years.[4] In 2004, when Translink was established, the first second generation CityCat (Beenung-urrung) was introduced and passenger numbers increased by 26%. Late 2004 saw the restructuring of the Cityferry network which included more late night services. In response to the 31% increase in demand for CityCat services in 2005, another second generation CityCat (Tunamun) was introduced. In January 2007, services were reinstated to Apollo Road.[4] In 2008, Metrolink Queensland was rebranded as TransdevTSL Brisbane Ferries, to align with the TransdevTSL branding of Transdev and Transfield joint ventures across Australia. Also in 2008, three new CityCats (Meeandah, Wilwinpa and Ya-wa-gara) were launched and the Apollo Road wharf was reopened. In 2009 and 2010, three new CityCats (Mahreel, Kuluwin and Gootcha) were added to the fleet. Early 2010 saw the introduction of three express services during morning peak times. The second and third generation vessels have a capacity of 162 passengers.[4][5] In November 2010, a new contract for 10 years commenced.[6] In December 2010 the joint venture was dissolved with Transfield Services selling its shares to Transdev.[7] All services were suspended on 10 January 2011 due to severe weather prior to the 2011 Brisbane floods.[8] While the CityCat and ferry fleet escaped damage by mooring downstream at the Rivergate Marina or Manly harbour, much of the infrastructure was damaged or destroyed by the floods, causing services to be cancelled indefinitely.[9] Partial CityCat and CityFerry services recommenced on 14 February 2011, using fifteen repaired wharves.[10] Six of the remaining wharves opened using rescued and repaired pontoons on 18 April 2011.[11][12] In 2010, Transfield sold its 50% share in TransdevTSL, and all TransdevTSL operations including Brisbane Ferries became 100% Transdev owned. In March 2011, Transdev merged with Veolia Transport (parent of Veolia Transport Queensland) to form Veolia Transdev. The upgraded West End was opened at the end of July 2011.[13] A new terminal at Northshore Hamilton opened in October 2011.[14] In order to revitalise patronage on the inner city ferry route, the council converted it into a free service targeted at tourists in 2012.[15] As part of this change, three of the existing fleet of ferries were painted red to be dedicated to the route, named CityHopper.[16] In July 2013, Veolia Transdev was renamed back to Transdev (with a different logo). As part of the rebranding, TransdevTSL Brisbane Ferries was rebranded as Transdev Brisbane Ferries, and became a subsidiary of Transdev Australasia.[17] Since 2016, Transdev Brisbane Ferries and Transdev Queensland (buses in Brisbane) share the same website and the brand Transdev Brisbane, but remain distinct and separate operations. ServicesCityCatCityCat services operate from University of Queensland to Northshore Hamilton calling at West End, Guyatt Park, Regatta, Milton, North Quay, South Bank, QUT Gardens Point, Riverside, Sydney Street, Mowbray Park, New Farm Park, Hawthorne, Bulimba, Teneriffe, Bretts Wharf and Apollo Road. Not all CityCat services stop all stops, with some peak time express services operating.[18] CityHopperCityHopper is an inner city service between North Quay and Sydney Street, stopping at different locations to the CityCat.[19] CityFerryCityFerry is a cross-river service at three locations.[20]
FleetAs at December 2018, Transdev Brisbane Ferries's fleet consisted of 21 CityCats, 3 CityHoppers and 6 CityFerries.[21] The 22nd CityCat will be delivered in 2019.[24] The fleet has grown in size to cater for the significant increase in patronage on CityCat ferry services (by 88% in the last six years).[22] Apart from the support vessels, the fleet is owned by Brisbane City Council and operated by Transdev.[26] CityCatThe CityCat vessels are catamarans, and named after the Aboriginal place names for various parts of the Brisbane River and adjacent areas (with the exception of the 19th CityCat, the Spirit of Brisbane, which honours the 2011 flood recovery volunteers[23]). All CityCats are operated by a crew of three - a master, a deck hand and a ticket seller. First generationFirst generation CityCats have a capacity of 149 passengers.[26]
Second generationSecond generation CityCats have a capacity of 162 passengers.[26]
CityFerryCityFerry covers shorter distance and cross-river services. These are powered by {{convert|86|kW|hp|abbr=on}} Perkins engines, have a maximum speed of {{convert|10|knots}} and are operated by a crew of one.[35]
Support vesselsTransDev owns two support vessels.[35]
Ferry networkThe wharves are given in geographical order, heading upstream along the Brisbane River.
Wharf damageIn January 2011, all of the wharves were damaged or destroyed during the Brisbane floods and the services were suspended indefinitely. Ten wharves had minor damage (Bretts Wharf, Apollo Road, Teneriffe, Bulimba, Hawthorne, New Farm Park, Mowbray Park, Dockside, Riverside, Guyatt Park), six had moderate damage (Norman Park, Eagle Street Pier, Thornton Street, River Plaza, South Bank 3, South Bank 1 & 2) and seven required rebuilding (Sydney Street, Holman Street, QUT Gardens Point, North Quay, Regatta, West End, University of Queensland).[37] No ferries were lost.[38] It was expected that the infrastructure repairs would take months to replace.[39] Temporary facilities were operating at most terminals by mid-April 2011.[40] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.transdev.com.au/media/13496/20171004-pr-executive-appointments-final.pdf|title=Transdev Australia strengthens executive|date=4 October 2017|accessdate=28 March 2018|publisher=Travsdev Australasia|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314004035/https://www.transdev.com.au/media/13496/20171004-pr-executive-appointments-final.pdf|archivedate=14 March 2018|df=dmy-all}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Brisbane CityCats {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226220848/http://bscship.com.au/fp/projects-fmain-sfpg1-intro.htm |date=26 February 2015 }} BSC Marine 3. ^Wind of change has no mercy on ferry The Courier Mail 4 December 1998 4. ^1 2 Our History {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503124923/http://www.brisbaneferries.com.au/about-us-2/our-history/ |date=3 May 2015 }} Transdev 5. ^CityCat Timetable Transdev Brisbane Ferries 15 June 2015 6. ^Transfield Services JV wins 150 million renewal of Brisbane CityCat and CityFerries contract {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215064222/http://www.transfieldservices.com/page/News_Centre/News/2010/Transfield_Services_JV_wins_150_million_renewal_of_Brisbane_CityCat_and_CityFerries_contract |date=15 December 2013 }} Transfield Services 15 September 2010 7. ^Half Year Report 31 December 2010 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215072017/http://tse.live.irmau.com/IRM/Company/ShowPage.aspx/PDFs/1483-91553047/Appendix4D |date=15 December 2013 }} Transfield Services 8. ^{{Cite news|last=O'Loan|first=James|title=CityCat and ferry services still suspended on Brisbane River|newspaper=The Courier-Mail|accessdate=14 January 2011|date=11 January 2011|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/citycat-and-ferry-services-still-suspended-on-brisbane-river/story-e6freoof-1225985440721|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vjHRbczt?url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/citycat-and-ferry-services-still-suspended-on-brisbane-river/story-e6freoof-1225985440721|archivedate=14 January 2011|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} 9. ^{{Cite news|page=11|title=CityCats: Long wait for restart|newspaper=The Courier-Mail|accessdate=14 January 2011|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/sodden-cauldron-to-rebound-to-iconic-best/story-fn6ck51p-1225987440051|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vjIOpCEA?url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/sodden-cauldron-to-rebound-to-iconic-best/story-fn6ck51p-1225987440051|archivedate=14 January 2011|date=14 January 2011|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} 10. ^{{cite news|title=January 2011 flood event - CityCat and CityFerry services|work=|publisher=Brisbane City Council|date=|url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/traffic-transport/public-transport/citycat-ferry-services/index.htm|accessdate=14 February 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302174912/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/traffic-transport/public-transport/citycat-ferry-services/index.htm|archivedate=2 March 2011|df=dmy-all}} 11. ^{{Cite news|page=8|last=Sarah Vogler|title=All CityCat terminals except West End get back on deck|work=The Courier-Mail|accessdate=18 April 2011|date=18 April 2011|archivedate=18 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2C9sZ8R?url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/all-citycat-terminals-except-west-end-get-back-on-deck/story-e6freoof-1226040575723|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/all-citycat-terminals-except-west-end-get-back-on-deck/story-e6freoof-1226040575723|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} 12. ^{{Cite episode|network=612 ABC Brisbane|credits=Spencer Howson, Melanie Arnost|title=More CityCat terminals opening soon|series=Breakfast|accessdate=18 April 2011|airdate=14 April 2011|url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2011/04/temporary-ferry-terminals.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924152657/http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2011/04/temporary-ferry-terminals.html|archivedate=24 September 2012|df=dmy-all}} 13. ^1 {{Cite news|last=Calligeros|first=Marissa|title=CityCat terminal to plumb new depths|work=Brisbane Times|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=25 July 2011|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/citycat-terminal-to-plumb-new-depths-20110724-1hv8f.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225064511/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/citycat-terminal-to-plumb-new-depths-20110724-1hv8f.html|archivedate=25 February 2013|df=dmy-all}} 14. ^{{Cite news|last=Calligeros|first=Marissa|title=New CityCat terminal to open on Sunday|work=Brisbane Times|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=26 September 2011|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/new-citycat-terminal-to-open-on-sunday-20110926-1ks2p.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224230831/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/new-citycat-terminal-to-open-on-sunday-20110926-1ks2p.html|archivedate=24 February 2013|df=dmy-all}} 15. ^{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Tony|title=Quirk pledges to take ferry commuters for a free ride|work=Brisbane Times|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=22 April 2012|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/quirk-pledges-to-take-ferry-commuters-for-a-free-ride-20120422-1xeox.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712213137/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/quirk-pledges-to-take-ferry-commuters-for-a-free-ride-20120422-1xeox.html|archivedate=12 July 2012|df=dmy-all}} 16. ^{{Cite news|last=Feeney|first=Katherine|title=Hop to it: Free ferries to start Sunday|work=Brisbane Times|accessdate=28 October 2013|date=26 June 2012|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/hop-to-it-free-ferries-to-start-sunday-20120626-20zl1.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812015921/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/hop-to-it-free-ferries-to-start-sunday-20120626-20zl1.html|archivedate=12 August 2012|df=dmy-all}} 17. ^A New Brand for Brisbane Ferries {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215063438/http://www.brisbaneferries.com.au/index.php?mact=NewsManager,cntnt01,frontend_article_details,0&cntnt01article_id=4&cntnt01returnid=21 |date=15 December 2013 }} Transdev 18. ^{{Queensland Timetables|CityCat}} 19. ^{{Queensland Timetables|CityHopper}} 20. ^{{Queensland Timetables|Bulimba}} 21. ^Fast Facts {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227151329/http://www.brisbaneferries.com.au/about-us-2/fast-facts/ |date=27 February 2015 }} Transdev Brisbane Ferries 22. ^{{cite news|title=CityCat Terminal Expansion Project|publisher=Brisbane City Council|date=|url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/traffic-transport/plans-projects/citycat-terminal-expansion-project/index.htm|accessdate=15 December 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222172538/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/traffic-transport/plans-projects/citycat-terminal-expansion-project/index.htm|archivedate=22 February 2011|df=dmy-all}} 23. ^{{Cite news|publisher=Brisbane Times|title=New CityCat honours Brisbane's flood heroes|accessdate=4 October 2011|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/new-citycat-honours-brisbanes-flood-heroes-20111003-1l57n.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005090605/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/new-citycat-honours-brisbanes-flood-heroes-20111003-1l57n.html|archivedate=5 October 2011|df=dmy-all}} 24. ^{{Cite news|page=4|last=Griffith|first=Chris|title=Supercat's launch barely raises a ripple|work=The Courier-Mail|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=2 August 2004|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:ACMB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1043437DEB6650EB&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301235337/http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Fiw.newsbank.com%3AAUNB%3AACMB&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=1043437DEB6650EB&svc_dat=InfoWeb%3Aaggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9|archivedate=1 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} 25. ^{{Cite news|edition=1|page=12|last=Kennedy|first=Julian|title=Ferry fever catching|work=Brisbane City News|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=22 June 2005|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:QGCBB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10AEB361635E2FA8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812133210/http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Fiw.newsbank.com%3AAUNB%3AQGCBB&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=10AEB361635E2FA8&svc_dat=InfoWeb%3Aaggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9|archivedate=12 August 2017|df=dmy-all}} 26. ^{{Cite news|last=Robinson|first=Georgina|title=New CityCat bolsters fleet|work=Brisbane Times|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=23 June 2008|url=http://brisbanetimes.com.au/news/queensland/new-citycat-bolsters-fleet/2008/06/23/1214073100579.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812133410/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/queensland/new-citycat-bolsters-fleet/2008/06/23/1214073100579.html|archivedate=12 August 2017|df=dmy-all}} 27. ^{{Cite news|last=Waters|first=Georgia|title=Lucky 13 as Rice launches newest CityCat|work=Brisbane Times|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=13 November 2008|url=http://brisbanetimes.com.au/news/queensland/lucky-13-as-rice-launches-newest-citycat/2008/11/13/1226318822605.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000126/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/queensland/lucky-13-as-rice-launches-newest-citycat/2008/11/13/1226318822605.html|archivedate=5 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} 28. ^{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Tony|title=CityCats to get military-style cameras|work=Brisbane Times|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=21 April 2009|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/citycats-to-get-militarystyle-cameras-20090421-adij.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233017/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/citycats-to-get-militarystyle-cameras-20090421-adij.html|archivedate=23 September 2015|df=dmy-all}} 29. ^{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Tony|title=CityCats go express|work=Brisbane Times|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=18 February 2010|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/citycats-go-express-20100218-ogui.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233005/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/citycats-go-express-20100218-ogui.html|archivedate=23 September 2015|df=dmy-all}} 30. ^{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Tony|title=New CityCat a floating canvas|work=Brisbane Times|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=2 July 2010|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/new-citycat-a-floating-canvas-20100701-zqi3.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224705/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/new-citycat-a-floating-canvas-20100701-zqi3.html|archivedate=23 September 2015|df=dmy-all}} 31. ^{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Tony|title=New CityCat honours Brisbane's flood heroes|work=Brisbane Times|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=4 October 2011|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/new-citycat-honours-brisbanes-flood-heroes-20111003-1l57n.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022051/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/new-citycat-honours-brisbanes-flood-heroes-20111003-1l57n.html|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}} 32. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/citycat-no-20-a-floating-tribute-to-leaders-summit-20141103-11gcx4.html|title=CityCat No. 20 a floating tribute to leaders' summit|author=Kim Stephens|accessdate=4 November 2014|date=4 November 2014|work=Brisbane Times|publisher=Fairfax Media|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411205124/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/citycat-no-20-a-floating-tribute-to-leaders-summit-20141103-11gcx4.html|archivedate=11 April 2015|df=dmy-all}} 33. ^Queensland Firebird colours cover Brisbane CityCat ferry to mark 10 straight wins {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614212237/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-03/queensland-firebirds-colours-cover-citycat-ferry/6517206 |date=14 June 2015 }} 612 ABC Brisbane 3 June 2015 34. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/multimillion-dollar-double-decker-citycat-to-be-built-20181106-p50ee3.html|title=Multimillion-dollar double-decker CityCat to be built|last=|first=|date=6 November 2018|work=|access-date=20 December 2018|publisher=Brisbane Times}} 35. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite web|url=http://www.transdevbrisbane.com.au/brisbane-ferries/our-fleet/|title=Brisbane Ferries|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Transdev|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=20 December 2018}} 36. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/brisbane-to-get-new-inner-city-ferry-terminal-20181107-p50eko.html|title=Brisbane to get new inner-city ferry terminal|publisher=Brisbane Times|date=7 November 2018}} 37. ^{{cite news |title=List: CityCat, CityFerry terminal damage |work=Brisbane Times |publisher=Fairfax Media |date=20 January 2011 |url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/list-citycat-cityferry-terminal-damage-20110120-19xun.html |accessdate=27 January 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224120324/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/list-citycat-cityferry-terminal-damage-20110120-19xun.html |archivedate=24 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }} 38. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/brisbane-ferries-to-be-offline-for-months-due-to-damaging-floodwaters/story-e6frfku0-1225989341193 |title=Brisbane ferries to be offline for months due to damaging floodwaters |author=Kym Agius |accessdate=13 July 2011 |date=17 January 2011 |work=news.com.au |publisher=News Limited |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120160822/http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/brisbane-ferries-to-be-offline-for-months-due-to-damaging-floodwaters/story-e6frfku0-1225989341193 |archivedate=20 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }} 39. ^{{cite news |title=CityCats: Long wait for restart |newspaper=The Courier-Mail |publisher=News Queensland |date=7 January 2011 |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/sodden-cauldron-to-rebound-to-iconic-best/story-fn6ck51p-1225987440051 |accessdate=27 January 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905140803/http://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/sodden-cauldron-to-rebound-to-iconic-best/story-fn6ck51p-1225987440051 |archivedate=5 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 40. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/six-citycat-terminals-back-in-business-20110417-1djfl.html |title=Six CityCat terminals back in business |accessdate=13 July 2011 |date=18 April 2011 |work=Brisbane Times |publisher=Fairfax Media |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920171612/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/six-citycat-terminals-back-in-business-20110417-1djfl.html |archivedate=20 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }} External links
6 : Ferry companies of Queensland|Public transport in Brisbane|TransLink (South East Queensland)|Transdev|Transport companies established in 2003|2003 establishments in Australia
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。
Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/19 23:58:29 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||