| 词条 | Treaty of Batum |
| 释义 |
| name = Treaty of Batumi | long_name = | image = | image_width = | caption = | type = Peace treaty | date_drafted = | date_signed = June 4, 1918 | location_signed = Batumi, Georgia | date_sealed = | date_effective = | condition_effective = Ratification | date_expiration = | signatories = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} Ottoman Empire {{flagicon image|Flag of the First Republic of Armenia.svg}} Armenia {{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (1918).svg}} Azerbaijan {{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg}} Georgia | parties = | depositor = | languages = | website = | wikisource = }}{{History of the Ottoman Empire}}{{History of Armenia}}{{History of Azerbaijan}}{{History of Georgia}} The Treaty of Batum was signed in Batum on June 4, 1918, between the Ottoman Empire and the three Transcaucasian states: the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia.[1][2] It was the first treaty of the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and had 14 articles. Background{{See also|Caucasus Campaign}}On December 5, 1917, the armistice of Erzincan was signed between the Russians and the Ottomans, ending the armed conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Persian Campaign and Caucasus Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.[3] On March 3, 1918, the armistice of Erzincan was followed up with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk marking Russia's exit from World War I. Between March 14 and April 1918, the Trabzon peace conference was held between the Ottoman Empire and the delegation of the Transcaucasian Diet (Transcaucasian Sejm). Enver Pasha offered to surrender all ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman reacquisition of the east Anatolian provinces at Brest-Litovsk at the end of the negotiations.[4] On April 5, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation Akaki Chkhenkeli accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a basis for more negotiations and wired the governing bodies urging them to accept that position.[5] The mood prevailing in Tiflis was very different. The Armenians pressured the Republic to refuse and acknowledged the existence of a state of war between themselves and the Ottoman Empire.[5] Hostilities resumed, and the Ottoman troops overran new lands to the east, reaching the prewar borders. TreatyOn May 11, a new peace conference opened at Batum.[4] the Ottomans extended their demands to include Tiflis as well as Alexandropol and Echmiadzin; they also wanted a railroad to be built to connect Kars and Julfa with Baku. The new Armenian state, through which the transport corridor would run, was to give free right of passage. The Armenian and Georgian members of the Republic’s delegation began to stall. Beginning on May 21, the Ottoman army moved ahead once again into areas of Russian Armenia that had not been under the sultan's control since the 17th century. The conflict led to the Battle of Sardarapat (May 21–29), the Battle of Kara Killisse (1918) (May 24–28), and the Battle of Bash Abaran (May 21–24). The treaty was signed while the Third Army held positions 7 km from Yerevan and only 10 km from Echmiadzin. The treaty needed to be examined and confirmed by the Central Powers. Fifteen days after the treaty, delegates from Armenia were asked to come to Constantinople. In the surrendered territories the majority of the 1,250,000 pre-war inhabitants had been Armenians, with more than 400,000 in the ceded sector of Yerevan province alone.[6] SignaturesOttoman side:
References1. ^{{citation|author=Charlotte Mathilde Louise Hille | title=State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus| publisher=BRILL| year=2010| isbn=978-9-004-17901-1| page=71}} {{First World War treaties}}{{Ottoman treaties}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty Of Batum}}2. ^{{citation|author=Alexander Mikaberidze | title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World| publisher=ABC-CLIO| year=2011| isbn=978-1-598-84337-8| page=201}} 3. ^{{citation|author=Tadeusz Swietochowski| authorlink = Tadeusz Swietochowski|title=Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community| publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=1985| isbn=978-0-521-26310-8| page=119}} 4. ^1 {{citation| author=Ezel Kural Shaw| title=Reform, revolution and republic : the rise of modern Turkey (1808-1975)| series=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey| volume=2| year=1977| publisher=Cambridge University Press| oclc=78646544| page=326}} (Turkish Perspective) 5. ^1 {{citation| author=Richard Hovannisian| title=The Armenian people from ancient to modern times| pages=292–293| isbn=978-0-333-61974-2 | oclc=312951712}} (Armenian Perspective) 6. ^{{cite book | title = The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times | author = Richard G. Hovannisian | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | year = 1997 | page = 301 |isbn = 978-0-333-61974-2 |oclc=312951712}} 13 : Treaties of the Ottoman Empire|World War I treaties|1918 in Armenia|1918 in Azerbaijan|Treaties concluded in 1918|Treaties of the First Republic of Armenia|Treaties of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Armenia–Turkey relations|1918 in the Ottoman Empire|Treaties of the Democratic Republic of Georgia|1918 in Georgia (country)|History of Adjara|Ottoman period in Georgia (country) |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。