1. Prelude

2. Terms

3. British opposition

4. Theft of document

5. See also

6. Notes

7. References

The Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement established in Fontainebleau, France, on 11 April 1814 between Napoleon I and representatives from the Austrian Empire, Russia and Prussia. The treaty was signed at Paris on 11 April by the plenipotentiaries of both sides and ratified by Napoleon on 13 April.^[1] With this treaty, the allies ended Napoleon's rule as emperor of France and sent him into exile on Elba.

Prelude

In the War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814), a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom and a number of German states drove Napoleon out of Germany in 1813. In 1814, while the United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal invaded France across the Pyrenees, the Russians, Austrians and their allies invaded France across the Rhine and, after the Battle of Paris, entered into negotiations with members of the French government for the abdication of Napoleon.

On 31 March, the Coalition issued a declaration to the French nation:

On 1 April, Russian Emperor Alexander I addressed the French Sénat conservateur in person and laid out similar terms as were in the previous day's declaration. As a gesture of good will, he announced that 150,000 French prisoners of war who had been held by the Russians since the French invasion of Russia, two years earlier, would be released immediately. The next day, the Senate agreed to the Coalition's terms and passed a resolution deposing Napoleon.^[3] They also passed a decree dated 5 April, justifying their actions, and ending:

...the senate declares and decrees as follows :—1. Napoleon Buonaparte is cast down from the throne, and the right of succession in his family is abolished. 2. The French people and army are absolved from their oath of fidelity to him. 3. The present decree shall be transmitted to the departments and armies, and proclaimed immediately in all the quarters of the capital.^[4]

Three plenipotentiaries took this conditional abdication to the Coalition sovereigns:

While the plenipotentiaries were travelling to deliver their message, Napoleon heard that Auguste Marmont had placed his corps in a hopeless position and that their surrender was inevitable. The Coalition sovereigns were in no mood to compromise and rejected Napoleon's offer. Emperor Alexander stated:

With the rejection of his conditional abdication and no military option left to him, Napoleon bowed to the inevitable:

Over the next few days, with Napoleon's reign over France now at an end, the formal treaty was negotiated and signed by the plenipotentiaries in Paris on 11 April and ratified by Napoleon on 13 April.

Terms

The agreement contained a total of 21 articles. Based on the most significant terms of the accord, Napoleon was stripped of his powers as ruler of the French Empire, but both Napoleon and Marie-Louise were permitted to preserve their respective titles as emperor and empress.^[8] Moreover, all of Napoleon's successors and family members were prohibited from attaining power in France.^[9]

The treaty also established the island of Elba as a separate principality to be ruled by Napoleon.^[10] Elba's sovereignty and flag were guaranteed recognition by foreign powers in the accord, but only France was allowed to assimilate the island.^[11]

In another tenet of the agreement, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Placentia and the Duchy of Guastalla were ceded to Empress Marie-Louise. Moreover, a direct male descendant of Empress Marie-Louise would be known as the Prince of Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla.^[12] In other parts of the treaty, Empress Josephine's annual income was reduced to 1,000,000 francs^[13] and Napoleon had to surrender all of his estates in France to the French crown,^[14] and submit all crown jewels to France.^[15] He was permitted to take with him 400 men to serve as his personal guard.^[16]

The signatories were Caulaincourt, Duke of Vicenza, Marshal MacDonald, Duke of Tarentum, Marshal Ney, Duke of Elchingen, Prince Metternich, Count Nesselrode, and Baron Hardenberg.^[17]

British opposition

The British position was that the French nation was in a state of rebellion and that Napoleon was a usurper. Castlereagh explained that he would not sign on behalf of the king of the United Kingdom because to do so would recognise the legitimacy of Napoleon as emperor of the French and that to exile him to an island over which he had sovereignty, only a short distance from France and Italy, both of which had strong Jacobin factions, could easily lead to further conflict.^[18]

Theft of document

In 2005, two Americans, former history professor John William Rooney (74) and Marshall Lawrence Pierce (44), were charged by a French court for stealing a copy of the Treaty of Fontainebleau from the French National Archives between 1974 and 1988. The theft came to light in 1996, when a curator of the French National Archives discovered that Pierce had put the document up for sale at Sotheby's. Rooney and Pierce pleaded guilty in the United States and were fined ($1,000 for Rooney and $10,000 for Pierce). However, they were not extradited to France to stand trial there. The copy of the treaty, along with a number of other documents (including letters from King Louis XVIII of France) that were checked out from the French National Archives by Rooney and Pierce, were returned to France by the United States in 2002.^[19][20]

See also

• Treaty of Chaumont (1814) – a rejected cease-fire offered by the Sixth Coalition
• Treaty of Paris (1814) – peace treaty at the end of the end of the Wars of the Sixth Coalition
• Convention of St. Cloud (1815) – surrender of Paris at the end of the Waterloo Campaign
• Treaty of Paris (1815) – peace treaty after the Waterloo Campaign

Notes

References

• John Stevens Cabot Abbott. The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, {{ISBN|1-4179-7063-4}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4179-7063-6}}.
• Archibald Alison. History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, Edition: 10, W. Blackwood, 1860.
• Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne. Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte R. Bentley, 1836.
• Alphonse de Lamartine (translated by Michael Rafter). The History of the Restoration of Monarchy in France. H. G. Bohn, 1854 (New York Public Library).
• AA.VV. Napoleon and the Marshals of the Empire, Lippincott, 1855.

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