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词条 Treaty of Rarotonga
释义

  1. Protocols binding other states

  2. Scope of applicability

  3. List of states and territories

  4. References

  5. External links

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The Treaty of Rarotonga is the common name for the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty, which formalises a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in the South Pacific. The treaty bans the use, testing, and possession of nuclear weapons within the borders of the zone.[1][2]

It was signed by the South Pacific nations of Australia, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Western Samoa on the island of Rarotonga (where the capital of the Cook Islands is located) on 6 August 1985, came into force on 11 December 1986 with the 8th ratification, and has since been ratified by all of those states.

The Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and Palau are not party to the treaties but are eligible to become parties should they decide to join the treaty in the future.

Protocols binding other states

There are three protocols to the treaty, which have been signed by the five declared nuclear states, with the exception of Protocol 1 for China and Russia who have no territory in the Zone.

  1. no manufacture, stationing or testing in their territories within the Zone
  2. no use against the Parties to the Treaty, or against territories where Protocol 1 is in force
  3. no testing within the Zone

In 1996 France and the United Kingdom signed and ratified the three protocols. The United States signed them the same year but has not ratified them. China signed and ratified protocols 2 and 3 in 1987. Russia has also ratified protocols 2 and 3 with reservations.[3]

Scope of applicability

The treaty's different provisions apply variously to the Zone, to the territories within the Zone, or globally.

"South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone" means the area :

  • south of the Equator
  • north of the 60th parallel south (the northern limit of the Antarctic Treaty zone)
  • east of the 115th meridian east
  • west of the 115th meridian west (the western limit of the Treaty of Tlatelolco Latin American Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone)

plus three projections north of the Equator to include the territory and territorial waters of Papua New Guinea, Nauru, and Kiribati,

but minus the northwest corner beyond Australian territorial waters and near Indonesia (and the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone).

Several islands in the Indian Ocean also belong to Australia and are therefore part of the zone.

"Territory" means internal waters, territorial sea and archipelagic waters, the seabed and subsoil beneath, the land territory and the airspace above them.

It does not include international waters.

Article 2 says "Nothing in this Treaty shall prejudice or in any way affect the rights, or the exercise of the rights, of any State under international law with regard to freedom of the seas."

The Treaty is an agreement between nation-states and as such of course cannot apply to those who have not signed the treaty or protocols, for example the four countries not signatories to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, who are all nuclear powers.

List of states and territories

  • The only territory north of the Equator that is part of the Zone is in Kiribati, the only state straddling the Equator.
  • Micronesia is outside the Zone except for Kiribati.
  • Melanesia is inside the Zone except for Indonesia, which is in the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone.
  • Polynesia is inside the Zone except for Easter Island, which is in the Latin American Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone, the Polynesian outliers of Kapingamarangi and Nukuoro in Micronesia, Hawaii, American Samoa and several uninhabited US Minor Outlying Islands.[4]
State Signed Deposited
Australia}}1985|Sep|06}}1986|Dec|11}}
Cook Islands}}1985|Sep|06}}1985|Oct|28}}
Fiji}}1985|Sep|06}}1985|Oct|04}}
Kiribati}}1985|Sep|06}}1985|Oct|28}}
Nauru}}1986|Jul|17}}1987|May|13}}
New Zealand}}1985|Sep|06}}1986|Nov|13}}
Niue}}1985|Sep|06}}1986|May|12}}
Papua New Guinea}}1985|Sep|16}}1989|Sep|15}}
Samoa}}1985|Sep|06}}1986|Oct|20}}
Solomon Islands}}1987|May|29}}1989|Jan|27}}
Tonga}}1996|Jul|02}}2000|Dec|18}}
Tuvalu}}1985|Sep|06}}1986|Jan|16}}
Vanuatu}}1995|Sep|16}}1996|Feb|09}}
Territory State
Christmas Island}}Australia}}
Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}Australia}}
Heard Island and McDonald Islands}}Australia}}
Norfolk Island}}Australia}}
Tokelau}}New Zealand}}
French Polynesia}}France}}
New Caledonia}}France}}
Wallis and Futuna}}France}}
Pitcairn Islands}}Great Britain}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/official_docs/inventory/pdfs/spnfz.pdf|title=South Pacific Nuclear-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Rarotonga)|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|format=PDF|accessdate=26 December 2012}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/learn/treaties-and-regimes/south-pacific-nuclear-free-zone-spnfz-treaty-rarotonga/|title=South Pacific Nuclear-Free Zone (SPNFZ) Treaty of Rarotonga {{!}} Treaties & Regimes {{!}} NTI|last=|first=|date=|website=www.nti.org|publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative {{!}} NTI|access-date=2016-11-05}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.forumsec.org/resources/uploads/attachments/documents/SPNFZ%20Status%20Report.pdf|title=Ratifications|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/rarotonga|title=Disarmament Treaties Database: Treaty of Rarotonga|last=|first=|date=|website=disarmament.un.org|publisher=UNODA – United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs|access-date=}}

External links

  • Text of the treaty – FAS
  • Ratification status
  • Map of the Zone area (poor quality)
{{Nuclear weapons limitation treaty}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Rarotonga Treaty}}

21 : Treaties of Australia|Treaties of the Cook Islands|Treaties of Fiji|Treaties of Kiribati|Treaties of Nauru|Treaties of New Zealand|Treaties of Niue|Treaties of Papua New Guinea|Treaties of the Solomon Islands|Treaties of Tonga|Treaties of Tuvalu|Treaties of Samoa|Treaties of Vanuatu|New Zealand–Pacific relations|Treaties establishing nuclear-weapon-free zones|Treaties concluded in 1985|1985 in the Cook Islands|Treaties entered into force in 1986|Nuclear weapons governance|Rarotonga|Pacific Islands Forum treaties
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