1. Name of the Treaty

2. Treaty contents

3. See also

4. Footnotes

5. References

6. External links

• {{flagcountry|Qing Dynasty}}
• {{flagcountry|United States}}

The Treaty of Wanghia (also Treaty of Wangxia, Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce, with tariff of duties, {{zh|first=t|t=望廈條約|s=望厦条约|p=Wàngxià tiáoyuē|cy=Mohng Hah}}) was a diplomatic agreement between Qing-dynasty China and the United States, signed on July 3, 1844 in the Kun Iam Temple. Its official title name is the Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America and the Chinese Empire.^[1] Following passage by the U.S. Congress, it was ratified by President John Tyler on January 17, 1845.^[2] It is considered an unequal treaty by some Chinese.

Name of the Treaty

The treaty was named after a village in northern Macau where the temple is located, called Mong Ha or Wang Hia ({{zh|first=t|t=望廈|s=望厦|p=Wàngxià|cy=Mohng Hah}}).^[3] It is now a part of the territory's Our Lady of Fátima Parish.

Treaty contents

The United States was represented by Caleb Cushing, a Massachusetts lawyer dispatched by President John Tyler under pressure from American merchants concerned about the British dominance in Chinese trade.^[3] A physician and missionary, Peter Parker, served as Cushing's Chinese interpreter. The Qing Empire was represented by Keying, the Viceroy of Liangguang, who held responsibility for the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi.

The treaty was modeled after the Treaties of Nanking and the Bogue between the UK and China, but differed in being more detailed.^[3] Among other things, it contained provisions for:

• Extraterritoriality, where Chinese subjects would be tried and punished under Chinese law and American citizens would be tried and punished under the authority of the American consul or other public functionaries authorised to that effect^[3]
• Fixed tariffs on trade in the treaty ports
• The right to buy land in the five treaty ports and erect churches and hospitals there
• The right to learn Chinese by abolishing a law which thitherto forbade foreigners to do so^[4]
• The U.S. received most favoured nation status, resulting in the U.S. receiving the same beneficial treatment China gave to other powers such as Britain, and received the right to modify the treaty after 12 years

The United States also granted the Qing empire powers to confiscate American ships if operating outside treaty ports and withdrew consular protection in cases where American citizens were trading in opium under articles 3 and 33, respectively.^[3] Furthermore, the U.S. agreed to hand over any offenders to China.

See also

• Imperialism in Asia
• Unequal treaty
• China–United States relations

Footnotes

References

• Kuo, Ping Chia. "Caleb Cushing and the Treaty of Wanghia, 1844". The Journal of Modern History 5, no. 1 (1933): 34-54. Available through JSTOR.
• Swisher, Earl, ed. China's Management of the American Barbarians; a Study of Sino-American Relations, 1841–1861, with Documents. New Haven, CT: Published for the Far Eastern Association by Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, 1953.

External links

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20061231120827/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/%7Ejobrien/reference/ob51.html On the negotiations of the treaty, 1844]

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