| 词条 | Trench foot |
| 释义 |
| name = | synonyms = immersion foot | image = File:Case of trench feet suffered by unidentified soldier Cas de pieds des tranchées (soldat non identifié).jpg | caption = Trench foot as seen on an unidentified soldier during World War I | pronounce = | field = Emergency medicine | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} Trench foot is a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet to damp, unsanitary, and cold conditions. It is one of many immersion foot syndromes. The use of the word trench in the name of this condition is a reference to trench warfare, mainly associated with World War I. Signs and symptomsAffected feet may become numb, by erythema (turning red) or cyanosis (turning blue) as a result of poor blood supply, and may begin emanating a decaying odor if the early stages of necrosis (tissue death) set in. As the condition worsens, feet may also begin to swell. Advanced trench foot often involves blisters and open sores, which lead to fungal infections; this is sometimes called tropical ulcer (jungle rot). If left untreated, trench foot usually results in gangrene, which may require amputation. If trench foot is treated properly, complete recovery is normal, though it is marked by severe short-term pain when feeling returns.[1] CausesUnlike frostbite, trench foot does not require freezing temperatures; it can occur in temperatures up to 16° Celsius (about 60° Fahrenheit) and within as little as 13 hours. Exposure to these environmental conditions causes deterioration and destruction of the capillaries and leads to morbidity of the surrounding flesh.[2] Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) has long been regarded as a contributory cause; unsanitary, cold, and wet conditions can also cause trench foot.[3] PreventionTrench foot can be prevented by keeping the feet clean, warm, and dry. It was also discovered in World War I that a key preventive measure was regular foot inspections; soldiers would be paired and each made responsible for the feet of the other, and they would generally apply whale oil to prevent trench foot. If left to their own devices, soldiers might neglect to take off their own boots and socks to dry their feet each day, but if it were the responsibility of another, this became less likely.[4] Later on in the war, instances of trench foot began to decrease, probably as a result of the introduction of the aforementioned measures; of wooden duckboards to cover the muddy, wet, cold ground of the trenches; and of the increased practice of troop rotation, which kept soldiers from prolonged time at the front.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} TreatmentThe mainstay of treatment, like the treatment of gangrene, is surgical debridement, and often includes amputation. Self-treatment consists of changing socks two or three times a day and usage of plenty of talcum powder. Wherever possible, shoes and socks should be taken off, feet bathed for five minutes, patted dry, talcum powder applied and feet elevated to let air get to them. HistoryTrench foot was first documented by Napoleon's army in 1812. It became prevalent during the retreat from Russia and was first described by French army surgeon Dominique Jean Larrey.[5] It was also a problem for soldiers engaged in trench warfare during the winters of World War I (hence the name).[6] Trench foot made a reappearance in the British Army during the Falklands War in 1982.[7] Some people were even reported to have developed trench foot at the 1998 and 2007 Glastonbury Festivals, the 2009 and 2013 Leeds Festivals, as well as the 2012 Download Festival, as a result of the sustained cold, wet, and muddy conditions at the events.[8] See also
References{{commons category}}1. ^{{cite book | last = Schwartz | first = Richard B. | title = Tactical Emergency Medicine | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | series = LWW medical book collection | date = 2008 | location = | pages = 319 | language = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-erLJS_tHcAC&pg=PA80&dq=Trench+foot&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidsJiPku3QAhUFrlQKHc-ICD0Q6AEIIDAB#v=onepage&q=Trench%20foot&f=false | access-date = 2016-12-11 | isbn = 9780781773324 }} 2. ^{{Citation | last = Coughlin | first = Michael J. | last2 = Saltzman | first2 = Charles L. | last3 = Mann | first3 = Roger A. | title = Mann's Surgery of the Foot and Ankle | place = | publisher = Elsevier Health Science | year = 2013 | month= | edition = 9 | pages = 2336 | language = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DYErAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA738&dq=Trench+foot&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidsJiPku3QAhUFrlQKHc-ICD0Q6AEIOjAH#v=onepage&q=Trench%20foot&f=false | access-date = 2016-12-11 | isbn = 9781455748617 }} 3. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.annals.org/content/34/5/1163.extract |title=CHRONIC TRENCH FOOT: A STUDY OF 100 CASES |publisher=Annals.org |date=1951-05-01 |accessdate=2011-10-20}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Bullets, Boots and Bandages (episode 1/3)|author=David, Saul (presenter)|publisher=BBC Four|date=February 2012}} 5. ^{{cite journal |author=Régnier C |title=Etiological argument about the Trench Foot |language=French |journal=Hist Sci Med |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=315–32 |year=2004 |pmid=15617178 |doi=}} 6. ^{{cite journal |author=Atenstaedt RL |title=Trench foot: the medical response in the first World War 1914-18 |journal=Wilderness Environ Med |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=282–9 |year=2006 |pmid=17219792 |doi=10.1580/06-WEME-LH-027R.1}} 7. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/falklands/falklands_gallery_06.shtml |title= Falklands Conflict Gallery By Major General Julian Thompson |publisher=BBC |date=2014-09-18 |accessdate=2018-03-10}} 8. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7450410.stm | work=BBC News | title=I got trench foot at Glastonbury | date=June 23, 2008 | accessdate=May 26, 2010}} External links{{Medical resources| DiseasesDB = 31219 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|T|69|0|t|66}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|991.4}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = }}{{Consequences of external causes}} 8 : Foot diseases|Skin conditions resulting from physical factors|Effects of external causes|Trench warfare|Gangrene|Immersion foot syndromes|World War I|Military medicine in World War I |
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