| 词条 | Tricuspid insufficiency |
| 释义 |
| name = Tricuspid insufficiency | image = File:Severe tricuspid regurgitation E00572 (CardioNetworks ECHOpedia).jpg | caption = Tricuspid regurgitation | field = Cardiology | | pronounce = | synonyms = | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = Abnormally high blood pressure , other heart problem[1] | risks = | diagnosis = Echocardiogram[1] | differential = | prevention = | treatment = Diuretic, Surgery[1] | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}Tricuspid insufficiency (TI), also called tricuspid regurgitation (TR), is a type of valvular heart disease where there is failure of the heart's tricuspid valve to close properly when the ventricles contracts. This defect allows the blood to flow backwards, reducing its efficiency.[1] Regurgitation may be due to a structural change of components of the tricuspid valve apparatus, a lesion can be primary (intrinsic abnormality) or secondary (right ventricular dilatation).[5] Signs and symptomsSigns/symptoms of tricuspid insufficiency are generally those of right-sided heart failure, such as ascites and peripheral edema.[2] Tricuspid insufficiency may lead to the presence of a pansystolic heart murmur. Such a murmur is usually of low frequency and best heard low on the lower left sternal border. As with most right-sided phenomena, it tends to increase with inspiration, and decrease with expiration. This is known as Carvallo's sign. However, the murmur may be inaudible indicating the relatively low pressures in the right side of the heart. A third heart sound may also be present, also heard with inspiration at the lower sternal border.[3][4] In addition to the possible ausculatory findings above, there are other signs indicating the presence of tricuspid regurgitation. There may be giant C-V waves in the jugular pulse[5] and a palpably (and sometimes visibly) pulsatile liver on abdominal exam. Since the murmur of tricupsid regurgitation may be faint or inaudible, these signs can be helpful in establishing the diagnosis.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} CausesThe causes of tricuspid insufficiency can be congenital in origin.[6] Much more common than a congenital abnormality of the valve, however, is right ventricular dilatation of any cause. Such dilatation is most often the result left heart failure (of any cause) or pulmonary hypertension. Dilation leads to derangement of the normal anatomy and mechanics of the tricuspid valve and the muscles governing its proper function, with the result being incompetence of the tricuspid valve. Other common causes of right ventricular dilation include right ventricular infarction, inferior myocardial infarction, and cor pulmonale.{{medical citation needed|date=December 2015}} In regards to primary and secondary causes they are:[7] {{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
}} MechanismIn terms of the mechanism of tricuspid insufficiency it involves the expansion of the tricuspid annulus (fibrous rings of heart). Tricuspid insufficiency is linked to geometric changes of the tricuspid annulus (decreased tricuspid annular release). The leaflets shape are normal but prevented from normal working mechanism due to a distortion of spatial relationships of leaflets and chords.[8] It is also contemplated that the process via which tricuspid regurgitation emerges, is a decrease of contraction of the myocardium around the annulus,[13] DiagnosisIn the diagnosis of tricuspid insufficiency a chest x-ray will demonstrate right heart enlargement. An echocardiogram will assess the chambers of the heart, as well as, right ventricular pressure. Cardiac magnetic resonance may also be used as a diagnostic tool, and finally, cardiac catheterization may determine the extent of the regurgitation.[3] ManagementIn terms of treatment for tricuspid insufficiency prosthetic valve substitutes can be used, though artificial prostheses may cause thrombo‐embolic phenomena (bioprostheses may have a degeneration problem).[9] Some evidence suggests that there are no significant differences between a mechanical or biological tricuspid valve in a recipient.[10] Surgery for tricuspid insufficiency vs. no surgery has been statistically assessed by looking back on consecutive series of hospital cases, mainly of secondary tricuspid insufficiency. In these cases, one finds that surgery predicts outliving non-surgery cases initially matched in health ~60% of the time (HR = .74)[11] Generally, surgical treatment of tricuspid regurgitation is not indicated when it has arisen as a result of right ventricular dilatation. In such instances of secondary tricuspid regurgitation, the mainstay of therapy is medical. When left-sided heart failure is the cause, the individual is instructed to decrease intake of salt. Medications in this case may include diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.[12] PrognosisThe prognosis of tricuspid insufficiency is less favorable for males than females. Furthermore, increased tricuspid insufficiency (regurgitation) severity is an indication of a poorer prognosis according to Nath, et al.[13] It is also important to note that since tricuspid insufficiency most often arises from left heart failure or pulmonary hypertension, the person's prognosis is usually dictated by the prognosis of the latter conditions and not by the tricuspid insufficiency per se.{{medical citation needed|date=September 2016}} See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|000169|Tricuspid regurgitation}} 2. ^1 {{EMedicine|article|158484|Tricuspid Regurgitation|clinical}} 3. ^1 {{Cite web|title = Tricuspid Valve Disease & Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) {{!}} Patient|url = http://patient.info/doctor/tricuspid-valve-disease|website = Patient|accessdate = 2015-12-14|language = en-GB}} 4. ^{{Cite book|title = Atlas of Adult Physical Diagnosis|url = https://books.google.com/?id=B0MQhbQsd-IC&pg=PA89&dq=tricuspid+insufficiency++diagnosis#v=onepage&q=tricuspid%2520insufficiency%2520%2520diagnosis&f=false|publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|date = 2006-01-01|page=90|isbn = 9780781741903|first = Dale|last = Berg|first2 = Katherine|last2 = Worzala}} 5. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1056/NEJMicm1103312 |pmid=24224640 |title=Giant C-V Waves of Tricuspid Regurgitation |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=369 |issue=20 |pages=e27 |year=2013 |last1=Rehman |first1=Habib Ur }} 6. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.08.034 |pmid=24084288 |title=Management of tricuspid regurgitation in congenital heart disease: Is survival better with valve repair? |journal=The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery |volume=147 |issue=1 |pages=412–419 |year=2014 |last1=Said |first1=Sameh M |last2=Dearani |first2=Joseph A |last3=Burkhart |first3=Harold M |last4=Connolly |first4=Heidi M |last5=Eidem |first5=Ben |last6=Stensrud |first6=Paul E |last7=Schaff |first7=Hartzell V }} 7. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.842773 |pmid=19470900 |title=The Tricuspid Valve: Current Perspective and Evolving Management of Tricuspid Regurgitation |journal=Circulation |volume=119 |issue=20 |pages=2718–2725 |year=2009 |last1=Rogers |first1=J. H |last2=Bolling |first2=S. F }} 8. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1053/j.semtcvs.2010.05.004 |pmid=20813321 |title=The Pathogenesis of Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation |journal=Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=76–78 |year=2010 |last1=Hung |first1=Judy }} 9. ^1 {{cite journal |doi=10.1136/hrt.2006.095281 |pmid=17228081 |pmc=1861404 |title=Management of tricuspid valve regurgitation |journal=Heart |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=271–276 |year=2005 |last1=Antunes |first1=M. J |last2=Barlow |first2=J. B }} 10. ^{{Cite web|title = BestBets: Should the tricuspid valve be replaced with a mechanical or biological valve?|url = http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=1491|website = www.bestbets.org|accessdate = 2015-12-14}} 11. ^{{cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=Brian J. |last2=Ho Luxford |first2=Jamahal Maeng |last3=Butler |first3=Carolyn Goldberg |last4=Huang |first4=Chuan-Chin |last5=Wilusz |first5=Kerry |last6=Ejiofor |first6=Julius I. |last7=Rawn |first7=James D. |last8=Fox |first8=John A. |last9=Shernan |first9=Stanton K. |last10=Muehlschlegel |first10=Jochen Daniel |title=Severity of tricuspid regurgitation is associated with long-term mortality |journal=The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery |volume=155 |issue=3 |pages=1032–1038.e2 |doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.09.141 |pmid=29246545 |pmc=5819734 |issn=1097-685X|year=2018 }}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=ScienceDirect}} 12. ^{{EMedicine|article|158484|Tricuspid Regurgitation|treatment}} 13. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.036 |pmid=15013122 |title=Impact of tricuspid regurgitation on long-term survival |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=405–409 |year=2004 |last1=Nath |first1=Jayant |last2=Foster |first2=Elyse |last3=Heidenreich |first3=Paul A }} Further reading
External links{{Medical resources| ICD10 = {{ICD10|I07.1}}, {{ICD10|I36.1}}, {{ICD10|Q22.8}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|397.0}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000169 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 2314 | MeshID = D014262 }}{{Circulatory system pathology}}{{Medicine}} 2 : Chronic rheumatic heart diseases|Valvular heart disease |
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