| 词条 | Trikaya |
| 释义 |
The Trikāya doctrine (Sanskrit, literally "three bodies"; {{cjkv|c=三身|p=sānshēn|rr=samsin|v=tam thân|r=sanjin, sanshin}}, {{bo|t=སྐུ་གསུམ|w=sku gsum}}) is a Mahayana Buddhist teaching on both the nature of reality and the nature of Buddhahood. DefinitionThe doctrine says that a Buddha has three kāyas or bodies:
OriginsPāli CanonEven before the Buddha's parinirvāṇa, the term Dhammakāya was current. Dhammakāya literally means Truth body. In the Pāli Canon, Gautama Buddha tells Vasettha that the Tathāgata (the Buddha) is the Dhammakāya, the 'Truth-body' or the 'Embodiment of Truth', as well as Dhammabhūta, 'Truth-become', 'One who has become Truth' [3][4] The Buddha is equated with the Dhamma: "[T]he Buddha comforts him, 'Enough, Vakkali. Why do you want to see this filthy body? Whoever sees the Dhamma sees me; whoever sees me sees the Dhamma.'"[5] In the Aggañña Sutta, the Buddha advises Vasettha that whoever has strong, deep rooted, and established belief in the Tathagatha, he can declare that he is the child of Bhagavan, born from the mouth of Dhamma, created from Dhamma, and the heir of Dhamma. Because the titles of the Tathagatha are: The Body of Dhamma, The Body of Brahma, the Manifestation of Dhamma, and the Manifestation of Brahma. MahāyānaThe Dharmakāya doctrine was possibly first expounded in the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā "The Perfection of Wisdom In Eight Thousand Verses", composed in the 1st century BCE.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Mahayana Buddhism introduced the Sambhogakāya, which conceptually fits between the Nirmāṇakāya (the manifestations of enlightenment in the physical world){{refn|group=note|Formerly called Rupakaya}} and the Dharmakaya. The Sambhogakaya is that aspect of the Buddha, or the Dharma, that one meets in visions and in deep meditation. It could be considered an interface with the Dharmakaya. The Trikaya-doctrine and the Buddha-nature bring the transcendental within reach, by placing the transcendental within the plane of immanence. Around 300 CE, the Yogacara school systematized the prevalent ideas on the nature of the Buddha in the Trikaya or three-body doctrine.{{sfn|Snelling|1987|p=126}} Interpretation in Buddhist traditionsSchools have different ideas about what the three bodies are.[6][7] Chinese MahayanaPure LandThe Three Bodies of the Buddha from the point of view of Pure Land Buddhist thought can be broken down like so:[8]
As with earlier Buddhist thought, all three forms of the Buddha teach the same Dharma, but take on different forms to expound the truth. Chan BuddhismAccording to Schloegl, in the Zhenzhou Linji Huizhao Chansi Yulu, the Three Bodies of the Buddha are not taken as absolute. They would be "mental configurations" that "are merely names or props" and would only perform a role of light and shadow of the mind.{{sfn|Schloegl|1976|p=19}}{{refn|group=note|Lin-ji yu-lu: "The scholars of the Sutras and Treatises take the Three Bodies as absolute. As I see it, this is not so. These Three Bodies are merely names, or props. An old master said: "The (Buddha's) Bodies are set up with reference to meaning; the (Buddha) Fields are distinguished with reference to substance." However, understood clearly, the Dharma Nature Bodies and the Dharma Nature Fields are only mental configurations."{{sfn|Schloegl|1976|p=21}}}} The Zhenzhou Linji Huizhao Chansi Yulu advises: {{quote|Do you wish to be not different from the Buddhas and patriarchs? Then just do not look for anything outside. The pure light of your own heart [i.e., 心, mind] at this instant is the Dharmakaya Buddha in your own house. The non-differentiating light of your heart at this instant is the Sambhogakaya Buddha in your own house. The non-discriminating light of your own heart at this instant is the Nirmanakaya Buddha in your own house. This trinity of the Buddha's body is none other than he here before your eyes, listening to my expounding the Dharma.{{sfn|Schloegl|1976|p=18}}}}Tibetan BuddhismFourth and Fifth Bodies - Svābhāvikakāya and Mahasukhakaya{{See also|Kosha}}Vajrayana sometimes refers to a fourth body called the svābhāvikakāya ({{bo|t=ངོ་བོ་ཉིད་ཀྱི་སྐུ|w=ngo bo nyid kyi sku}}) "essential body",[9][10][11] and to a fifth body, called the mahāsūkhakāya ({{bo|w=bde ba chen po'i sku}}, "great bliss body").[12] The svābhāvikakāya is simply the unity or non-separateness of the three kayas.[13]The term is also known in Gelug teachings, where it is one of the assumed two aspects of the dharmakāya: svābhāvikakāya "essence body" and jñānakāya "body of wisdom".[14] Haribhadra claims that the Abhisamayalankara describes Buddhahood through four kāyas in chapter 8: svābhāvikakāya, [jñāna]dharmakāya, sambhogakāya and nirmāṇakāya.[15]DzogchenIn dzogchen teachings, "dharmakaya" means the buddha-nature's absence of self-nature, that is, its emptiness of a conceptualizable essence, its cognizance or clarity is the sambhogakaya, and the fact that its capacity is 'suffused with self-existing awareness' is the nirmanakaya.[16] MahamudraThe interpretation in Mahamudra is similar: When the mahamudra practices come to fruition, one sees that the mind and all phenomena are fundamentally empty of any identity; this emptiness is called dharmakāya. One perceives that the essence of mind is empty, but that it also has a potentiality that takes the form of luminosity.{{clarify|date=November 2013}} In Mahamudra thought, Sambhogakāya is understood to be this luminosity. Nirmanakāya is understood to be the powerful force with which the potentiality affects living beings.[17] AnuyogaIn the view of Anuyoga, the Mind Stream (Sanskrit: citta santana) is the 'continuity' (Sanskrit: santana; Wylie: rgyud) that links the Trikaya.[1] The Trikāya, as a triune, is symbolised by the Gankyil. DakinisA ḍākinī ({{bo|t=མཁའ་འགྲོ་[མ་]|w=mkha' 'gro [ma]}} khandro[ma]) is a tantric deity described as a female embodiment of enlightened energy. The Sanskrit term is likely related to the term for drumming, while the Tibetan term means "sky goer" and may have originated in the Sanskrit khecara, a term from the Cakrasaṃvara Tantra.[18] Ḍākinīs can also be classified according to the trikāya theory. The dharmakāya ḍākinī, which is Samantabhadrī, represents the dharmadhatu where all phenomena appear. The sambhogakāya ḍākinī are the yidams used as meditational deities for tantric practice. The nirmanakaya ḍākinīs are human women born with special potentialities; these are realized yogini, the consorts of the gurus, or even all women in general as they may be classified into the families of the Five Tathagatas.[19] Non-Buddhist InterpretationsTheosophyTheosophy, a Western esoteric school founded in the 19th century, regards Buddhism as containing esoteric teachings. In those supposed esoteric teachings of Buddhism, "exoteric Buddhism" believes that Nirmanakaya simple means the physical body of Buddha. According to the esoteric interpretation, when the Buddha dies he assumes the Nirmanakaya, instead of going into Nirvana. He remains in that glorious body he has woven for himself, invisible to uninitiated mankind, to watch over and protect it.[20]See also{{div col}}
Notes1. ^1 Welwood, John (2000). The Play of the Mind: Form, Emptiness, and Beyond, accessed January 13, 2007 2. ^{{cite book |last1=Bob Kindler |first1=Babaji |title=A Quintessential Yoga Vasishtha |date=2010-04-30 |publisher=SRV Associations |location=Portland, USA |isbn=978-1891893100 |pages=254 |edition=1st |url=https://www.amazon.com/Quintessential-Yoga-Vasishtha-Babaji-Kindler/dp/1891893106 |accessdate=2018-09-30}} 3. ^Dīgha Nikāya 27.9 4. ^See Walsh, Maurice. 1995. The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya. Boston: Wisdom Publications, “Aggañña Sutta: On Knowledge of Beginnings,” p. 409. 5. ^http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.5-6.than.html Samyutta Nikaya (SN 22.87) See footnote #3 6. ^佛三身觀之研究－以漢譯經論為主要研究對象 {{dead link|date=January 2017}} 7. ^佛陀的三身觀 8. ^{{cite book | last = Hattori | first = Sho-on | title = A Raft from the Other Shore : Honen and the Way of Pure Land Buddhism | publisher = Jodo Shu Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 4-88363-329-2 | pages=25–27}} 9. ^remarks on Svabhavikakaya by khandro.net 10. ^In the book Embodiment of Buddhahood Chapter 4 the subject is: Embodiment of Buddhahood in its Own Realization: Yogacara Svabhavikakaya as Projection of Praxis and Gnoseology. 11. ^explanation of meaning 12. ^{{cite book|author1=Tsangnyön Heruka|authorlink1=Tsangnyön Heruka|title=The life of Marpa the translator : seeing accomplishes all|date=1995|publisher=Shambhala|location=Boston|isbn=978-1570620874|page=229}} 13. ^khandro.net citing H.E. Tai Situpa 14. ^{{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Paul|title=Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations|date=1993|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-02537-9|edition=Reprinted|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3FuzkBnOxAC&pg=PR10&dq=Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+Buddhism&hl=de&sa=X&ei=imY1Ve7oLYSksAXX4oDgCg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=j%C3%B1anakaya&f=false}} 15. ^{{cite book|last1=Makransky|first1=John J.|title=Buddhahood embodied : sources of controversy in India and Tibet|date=1997|publisher=State Univ. of New York Press|location=Albany, NY|isbn=978-0791434314|page=115|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4qmkptncxQC&q=embodiment+of+kaya#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 16. ^Reginald Ray, Secret of the Vajra World. Shambhala 2001, page 315. 17. ^Reginald Ray, Secret of the Vajra World. Shambhala 2001, pages 284-285. 18. ^{{cite book|ref=harv|editor1-last=Buswell|editor1-first=Robert Jr|editor2-last=Lopez|editor2-first=Donald S. Jr.|editor1-link=Robert Buswell Jr.|editor2-link=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.|title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=9780691157863}} 19. ^Cf. Capriles, Elías (2003/2007). Buddhism and Dzogchen ', and Capriles, Elías (2006/2007). Beyond Being, Beyond Mind, Beyond History, vol. I, Beyond Being 20. ^Helena Blavatsky, The Voice of the Silence Theosophical Publishing Co., pages 75-77. References{{reflist|2}}Sources{{refbegin}}
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