| 词条 | Trou au Natron | |||
| 释义 |
The caldera sits at an elevation of {{cvt|2450|m|}}.[7] It has an irregular diameter of approximately {{cvt|6–8|km||0}} and is up to {{cvt|1000|m}} deep.[2] Four smaller volcanic cones, made of scoria or andesitic tuff sit on the floor of the caldera.[2][8] Numerous smaller vents and hot springs on the caldera's floor emit hot steam and mineral water.[2] Because of its irregular shape, it has been theorized that the caldera was formed as a result of multiple massive explosions, each of which deepened the enormous pit.[2] During these explosions, chunks of debris up to {{Cvt|5|m3|}} in size may have been hurled up to {{Cvt|10|km|}} from the crater.[2] Its exact period of formation is unconfirmed, although a Pleistocene formation has been suggested.[6] It is known to be one of the youngest formations on the Tibesti Massif.[4] Soda lakeMuch of the surface of the caldera is lined with a white crust of carbonate salts such as sodium carbonite and natrolite.[8] This substance is also known as natron, leading to the French name for the site. This crust is sometimes known as the Tibesti Soda Lake.[2][9] The crusts are formed when mineral-rich steam is emitted from small vents on the crater's floor. When this water evaporates in the desert heat, the minerals remain behind as part of the crust.[2] GalleryReferences
1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=-SNmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22doon+orei%22&dq=%22doon+orei%22|title=Il Sahara centro-orientale dalla preistoria ai tempi dei nomadi Tubu|last=Beltrami|first=Vanni|last2=Proto|first2=Harry|date=2007|publisher=Archaeopress|isbn=9781407301020|language=it}} {{Coord|20|59|00|N|16|32|00|E|display=title}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Trou Au Natron}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=377|quote=|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.|via=}} 3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=toYRAQAAMAAJ&q=trou+au+natron&dq=trou+au+natron|title=Annual Field Conference|last=al-Arḍ|first=Jamʻīyah al-Lībīyah li-ʻUlūm|date=1966|publisher=Earth Sciences Society of the Libyan Arab Republic|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|quote=The Trou au Natron has a caldera diameter of six to eight km...}} 4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=225010|title=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Tarso Toussidé|website=volcano.si.edu|access-date=2017-10-03}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/vogripa/searchVOGRIPA.cfc?method=detail&id=363|title=VOGRIPA|website=www.bgs.ac.uk|access-date=2017-10-03}} 6. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=0DZrfpL9_DMC&pg=PA396|title=Volcanoes of the World: Third Edition|last=Siebert|first=Lee|last2=Simkin|first2=Tom|last3=Kimberly|first3=Paul|date=2011-02-09|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520947931}} 7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=qJc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA248|title=Mountain Weather and Climate|authorlink=Roger G. Barry|last=Barry|first=Roger Graham|date=1981|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=9780416737301}} 8. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6iZRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|title=Volcanic Landforms and Surface Features: A Photographic Atlas and Glossary|last=Green|first=Jack|last2=Short|first2=Nicholas Martin|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783642651502}} 9. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=v911L1sq1FkC&pg=PA95|title=Great Warm Deserts of the World: Landscapes and Evolution|last=Goudie|first=Andrew|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199245154}} 2 : Tibesti Mountains|Volcanoes of Chad |
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