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词条 Tryphena Sparks
释义

  1. References

  2. External links

Tryphena Sparks (20 March 1851 - 17 March 1890), born in Puddletown, Dorset, the youngest child of James and Maria Sparks, was Thomas Hardy's cousin and possible lover, when she was 16 and he was 26.[1][2] Hardy's mother suggested that Tryphena was not actually his cousin but his niece and he was thus prevented from marrying her.[3] There are also suggestions that she had Hardy's child, a son called Randolph.[4][5][6] The relationship ended when Hardy became engaged to Emma Gifford. She is considered by John Fowles an "important figure in both his emotional and imaginative life"[7] and author Nicholas Hillyard considers that the affair is important in relation to Hardy's start as a novelist and poet.[8]

Sparks was the inspiration for Hardy's poem Thoughts of Phena at News of Her Death[9] in which Hardy describes her as his "lost prize".[10] She may also have inspired Hardy's story that later became Far from the Madding Crowd.[11] Other Hardy poems have been connected to Sparks, including In A Eweleaze Near Weatherbury,[12] At Rushy Pond, A Spot, The Wind's Prophecy, To an Orphan Child,[13] and To a Motherless Child, which is addressed to Tryphena's daughter whom he had met when visiting Topsham.[14] The character of Sue Bridehead in Hardy's book Jude The Obscure is also thought to have been based on Sparks[15][16][17] and in the book's preface Hardy says that the circumstances of the novel had been suggested by the death of a woman in 1890.

Sparks is the subject of ten separate 1960s publications[18] by author Lois Deacon including Tryphena, Thomas Hardy and Hardy's Sweetest Image and Providence and Mr Hardy published in 1966.[19]

Having attended Stockwell Training College from 1870 to 1871,[20] Sparks became headmistress of Plymouth Day School in 1872. In 1873 she met Charles Frederick Gale, a publican from Topsham, Devon and they were married on 15 December 1877 at Plymouth.[21][22] She was known in Topsham for the charitable work she did for the local fishermen.[22] She had four children: Eleanor, Charles, George and Herbert. She died from a rupture caused by childbirth and is buried in Topsham, Devon. Hardy and his brother Henry visited her grave, leaving a note saying "In loving memory -Tom Hardy".[23]

References

1. ^{{cite book | title=Jude the Obscure (MAXNotes Literature Guides) | publisher=Research & Education Association | author=Kalmanson Lauren | year=1996 | pages=5 | isbn=978-0878910250}}
2. ^{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G7mAq5OO1FQC&pg=PA98 |title=Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited - Michael Millgate - Google Books |year=2014 |accessdate=1 January 2014|isbn=9780199275663 |last1=Millgate |first1=Michael }}
3. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/119-2014-02-19-Thomas%20Hardy.pdf |title=119-2014-02-19-Thomas Hardy.pdf |last=Universidad Complutense de Madrid|work=pdf.js |year=2014|accessdate=1 May 2015}}
4. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.montford-productions.co.uk/My%20Lost%20Prize/Randy.htm |title=Lost Prize Randy |first= |last= |work=montford-productions.co.uk |year=2012 |accessdate=1 May 2015}}
5. ^{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=890_kR9B27IC&pg=PA7 |title=Hardy and the Rasa Theory - Rama Kant Sharma - Google Books |year=2014 |accessdate=1 January 2014|isbn=9788176253772 |last1=Sharma |first1=Rama Kant }}
6. ^{{cite book | title=Providence & Mr. Hardy | publisher=Hutchinson | author=Deacon Lois | year=1966}}
7. ^{{cite book | title=Thomas Hardy's England | publisher=Jonathon Cape | author=Fowles John and Draper Jo | year=1984 | pages=83}}
8. ^{{cite book | title=About Tryphena: Hardy and His Young Cousin | publisher=FastPrint Publishing | author=Hillyard Nicholas | year=2014 | isbn=978-1780357782}}
9. ^Millgate, Michael Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited (2004) Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-927566-1}}
10. ^{{cite book | title=Thomas Hardy (Complete Critical Guide to English Literature) | publisher=Routledge | author=Harvey Geoffrey | year=2003 | pages=37 | isbn=978-0415234917}}
11. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.montford-productions.co.uk/My%20Lost%20Prize/My%20Lost%20Prize.htm |title=montford-productions |first= |last=|work=montford-productions.co.uk |year=2012|accessdate=1 May 2015}}
12. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.segr-music.net/songdetails.cfm?song_id=443 |title=In A Eweleaze Near Weatherbury |first= |last= |work=segr-music.net |year=2015|accessdate=14 May 2015}}
13. ^{{cite web |url= http://people.stfx.ca/rnemesva/Hardy/Deacon.html |title=Deacon Reviews |first= |last= |work=people.stfx.ca |year=2003|accessdate=1 May 2015}}
14. ^{{cite book | title=Thomas Hardy an illustrated biography | publisher=Macmillan | author=O'Sullivan Timothy | year=1975 | pages=144}}
15. ^{{cite book | title=Dictionary of Real People and Places in Fiction | publisher=Routledge | author=Rintoul M.C. | year=1993 | pages=850 | isbn=978-0415059992}}
16. ^{{cite book | title=Thomas Hardy: The Guarded Life | publisher=Picador | author=Pite Ralph | year=2007 | pages=354 | isbn=978-0330481878}}
17. ^{{cite journal | title=Sue Bridehead, "The Woman of the Feminist Movement" | author=Blake kathleen | journal=SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 Rice University | year=1978 | volume=18 | issue=4 | pages=703–726|jstor = 450200|doi = 10.2307/450200}}
18. ^{{cite journal |url= http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/vp/summary/v041/41.3morgan.html |title=Project MUSE - Thomas Hardy |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=402–412 |first=Rosemarie |last=Morgan |journal=Muse.jhu.edu |year=2015|accessdate=14 May 2015|doi=10.1353/vp.2003.0039 }}
19. ^{{cite web |url= http://as.exeter.ac.uk/library/librariesandcollections/special/archives/rare/title_349035_en.html |title=Rare Books and Maps - Lois Deacon Collection - Library - University of Exeter |first= |last= |work=as.exeter.ac.uk |year=2015 |quote=Lois Deacon |accessdate=1 May 2015}}
20. ^{{cite journal | url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/15997066/some-fresh-information-about-tryphena-sparks-thomas-hardys-cousin | title=SOME FRESH INFORMATION ABOUT TRYPHENA SPARKS -- THOMAS HARDY'S COUSIN | author=Bartle, G. F. | journal=Notes & Queries |date=August 1983 | volume=30 | issue=4 | pages=320–322| doi=10.1093/nq/30-4-320 }}
21. ^{{cite web |url= http://spartacus-educational.com/JsparksT.htm |title=Tryphena Sparks |first=John |last=Simkin|work=spartacus-educational.com |year=2015|accessdate=2 May 2015}}
22. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/_pubs/drakes.php |title=Drakes in Topsham |publisher=Exeter Memories |accessdate=10 November 2015 |first=David |last=Cornforth |work=exetermemories.co.uk |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226015238/http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/EM/_pubs/drakes.php |archivedate=26 December 2010 |df= }}
23. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.devon.gov.uk/thomashardy.pdf |title=ThomasHardy - thomashardy.pdf |first= |last= |work=pdf.js |year=2012|accessdate=1 May 2015}}

External links

  • Letters from Tryphena Sparks held by the National Archives
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sparks, Tryphena}}

5 : 1851 births|1890 deaths|People from West Dorset District|Burials in Devon|Thomas Hardy
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