| 词条 | Tsutomu Ohshima |
| 释义 |
| name = Tsutomu Ohshima | other_names = Tsutomu Oshima | image = Oshima_caltech_07.jpg | image_size = 165px | caption = Ohshima teaching at the 50th anniversary of the Caltech Karate Club on September 2, 2007 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1930|8|6|mf=yes}} | birth_place = Japan | residence = California, USA | martial_art = Shotokan Karate | teacher = Gichin Funakoshi, Isao Obata | rank = 5th dan karate (SKA) | students = | url = http://www.ska.org/ }}{{Nihongo|Tsutomu Ohshima|大島 劼|Ōshima Tsutomu|born August 6, 1930}}{{ref_label|A|a|none}} is a prominent Japanese master of Shotokan karate who founded the Shotokan Karate of America (SKA) organization.[1] He is the Shihan (Chief Instructor) of the SKA, and to this day holds the rank of 5th dan in karate, which was awarded to him by Gichin Funakoshi.[1] In 1957, he established the Caltech Karate Club—the first university karate club in the United States of America. Early lifeOhshima was born on August 6, 1930, in Japan.[1] By the age of five, he had already begun learning martial arts.[1] He studied sumo from the ages of 5–15, kendo from 8–15, and judo from 9–13.[1] Recalling an episode from his youth, Ohshima said, "One day I was going to Tokyo. This group was beating one young student because he was a quiet boy, but something he pushed with his elbow. And this was a ridiculous reason. But these guys were beating this young boy—same age as me, fifteen or sixteen. I got so mad. Mad, because person next to me said, 'Don't go, you get beat up.' I was ashamed of myself. I knew this was injustice. Why couldn't I put myself out there? I could be beaten up, but I could stand it. But I just sit there and overlook. I say to myself, 'Alas, how I am a coward guy.' I knew somebody was getting beaten up, but I couldn't help him. Therefore, when I was practicing karate, every time I asked myself, 'Are you ready to put yourself into something that you believe is justice?'" (p. 34).[2] Karate careerOhshima began studying karate in 1948, while a student at Waseda University.[1] There, he trained under Shotokan's founder, Gichin Funakoshi, and later became captain of the university's karate club, in 1952.[1] That same year, Funakoshi personally awarded Ohshima the rank of 3rd dan black belt.[1] Ohshima's seniors at the club also influenced his development in karate; they included Shigeru Egami, Toshio Kamata-Watanabe, Hiroshi Noguchi, Tadao Okuyama, and Matsuo Shibuya.[1] It was also during this period that he befriended Mitsusuke Harada, who would go on to become a pioneer of karate in Brazil and the United Kingdom.[3][4] Ohshima was a member of the Japan Karate Association in its earliest days.[5] In 1955, Ohshima travelled from Japan to the United States of America to continue his tertiary studies in economics at the University of Southern California.[1][2] In 1957, he founded the first university karate club in the USA at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).[1][6] That same year, Funakoshi promoted Ohshima to 5th dan—the highest rank awarded by Funakoshi, and the highest rank in the SKA system to this day.[1] In 1959, he founded the Southern California Karate Association (SCKA).[1] It was around this time that Ohshima invited Hidetaka Nishiyama to take charge of his karate students in the US, as he was planning to return to Japan following completion of his US university studies.[7] The arrangement did not work out satisfactorily, and was to be a source of bitterness between the two masters.[7][8] In the end, unhappy at Nishiyama's actions and the direction being taken, Ohshima settled in the US and continued teaching there.[7] Due to the SCKA's growth across the US, it was renamed Shotokan Karate of America in 1969.[1] Black Belt magazine selected Ohshima as its Japanese Instructor of the Year in 1968.[9] During the mid-1970s, Ohshima lived near Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles.[2] His main occupation at this time was teaching physical education as a member of the faculty at Caltech.[2] Ohshima has written two books on karate—Shotokan Karate of America: The first twenty years (1977) and Notes on training (1998)—and also translated Funakoshi's Karate-do Kyo-han (1973) into English.[10][11][12] He also demonstrated the nineteen Shotokan kata for Funakoshi's book.[10] In 1980, Black Belt magazine announced Ohshima as the inaugural recipient of its Publisher's Award.[9] The award recognized "the role he has played in the development of karate in the United States and the world over" (p. 63).[9] Later lifeIn 1988, the Caltech Alumni Association bestowed an honorary membership on Ohshima for his contributions to the Caltech community.[13] In 1993/1994, he received a teaching award from Caltech's undergraduate student organization.[14] Ohshima retired from Caltech in 1994, after 37 years as a staff member.[6][15] On May 22, 1994, around one hundred Caltech alumni assembled in the institution's gymnasium to honour Ohshima on the occasion of his retirement.[15] He continues to lead the SKA, with headquarters in Santa Barbara, California.[16] Apart from being the SKA's Shihan, he holds a similar position in Canada Shotokan Karate and other affiliated organizations.[1][17][18] See also
Notes{{refbegin}}a. {{note_label|A|a|none}} Ohshima's surname is sometimes also spelled as Oshima, such as in the article by Sulak (1975).[2]{{refend}}References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Shotokan Karate of America: Tsutomu Ohshima {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912194253/http://www.ska.org/index.php?p=1 |date=2008-09-12 }} (2010). Retrieved on March 31, 2010. 2. ^1 2 3 4 Sulak, T. (1975): "Hard school sensei pushes soft philosophy: But legendary Shotokan stylist Tsutomu Oshima's no pushover." Black Belt, 13(7):30–35, 73, 76–77. 3. ^de'Claire, J. (c. 2009). Karate-do Shotokai: Harada Sensei, MBE – Page 1 Retrieved on March 21, 2010. 4. ^Finland Karate Do Shotokai: Sensei Mitsusuke Harada (c. 2009). Retrieved on March 31, 2010. 5. ^Oshiro-Dojo Seelow: Oshima Tsutomu (c. 2005). Retrieved on March 31, 2010. 6. ^1 Caltech Karate Club (2009). Retrieved on March 31, 2010. 7. ^1 2 Evans, J. K. (1988): "The battle for Olympic Karate recognition: WUKO vs. IAKF." Black Belt, 26(2):54–58. 8. ^Clary, D. W. (1992): "Political rivalries in the martial arts: Can't we all get along?" Black Belt, 30(12):24–28. 9. ^1 2 Zimmerman, R. (1980): "Black Belt Hall of Fame 1979." Black Belt, 18(1):62–65, 82. 10. ^1 Funakoshi, G. (1973): Karate-do Kyo-han: The master text (translated by T. Ohshima). Tokyo: Kodansha. ({{ISBN|978-4-7700-0370-6}}) 11. ^Ohshima, T. (1977): Shotokan Karate of America: The first twenty years. Los Angeles: Shotokan Karate of America. 12. ^Ohshima, T. (1998): Notes on training. Ravensdale, WA: Pine Woods. ({{ISBN|978-0-9376-6332-5}}) 13. ^California Institute of Technology Alumni Association: Honorary members {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602200425/http://alumni.caltech.edu/about/haa |date=2010-06-02 }} (2010). Retrieved on March 31, 2010. 14. ^Associated Students of the California Institute of Technology: ASCIT Teaching Awards 15. ^1 Caltech Karate Club salutes retiring Instructor Shotokan Newsletter (1994). Retrieved on March 31, 2010. 16. ^Shotokan Karate of America (2010). Retrieved on March 31, 2010. 17. ^Canada Shotokan Karate: Tsutomu Ohshima (c. 2005). Retrieved on March 31, 2010. 18. ^MIT Karate Club: Tsutomu Ohshima (2009). Retrieved on March 31, 2010. External links
7 : Living people|1930 births|Japanese emigrants to the United States|Japanese male karateka|Karate coaches|Martial arts school founders|Martial arts writers |
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