| 词条 | Tungnath | |||||
| 释义 |
| name = Tungnath | image = Tungnath temple.jpg | alt = | caption = | map_type = India Uttarakhand | map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand | coordinates = {{coord|30|29|22|N|79|12|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes= | country = India | state = Uttarakhand | district = | locale = | elevation_m = 3680 | deity = | festivals= | architecture = North Indian architecture | temple_quantity = | monument_quantity= | inscriptions = | year_completed = Unknown | creator = | website = }}Tungnath is one of the highest Shiva temples in the world[1] and is the highest of the five Panch Kedar temples located in the mountain range of Tunganath in Rudraprayag district, in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. The Tunganath (literal meaning: Lord of the peaks) mountains form the Mandakini and Alaknanda river valleys. It is located at an altitude of {{convert|3680|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}, and just below the peak of Chandrashila. The temple is believed to be 5000 years old{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} and is the third (Tritiya Kedar) in the pecking order of the Panch Kedars. It has a rich legend linked to the Pandavas, heroes of the Mahabharata epic.[2][3] LegendAccording to Hindu history Lord Shiva and his consort Parvati both reside in the Himalayas: Lord Shiva resides at Mount Kailash. Parvati is also called Shail Putri which means 'daughter of hills'.[2] The Tunganath is indelibly linked to the origin of the Panch Kedar temples built by the Pandavas. The legend states that sage Vyas Rishi advised the Pandavas that since they were culpable of slaying their own relatives (Kauravas, their cousins) during the Mahabharata war or Kurukshetra war, their act could be pardoned only by Lord Shiva. Consequently, the Pandavas went in search of Shiva who was avoiding them since he was convinced of the guilt of Pandavas. In order to keep away from them, Shiva took the form of a bull and went into hiding in an underground safe haven at Guptakashi, where Pandavas chased him. But later Shiva's body in the form of bull's body parts rematerialized at five different locations that represent the "Panch Kedar" where Pandavas built temples of Lord Shiva at each location, to worship and venerate, seeking his pardon and blessings. Each one is identified with a part of his body; Tungnath is identified as the place where the bahu (hands) were seen: hump was seen at Kedarnath; head appeared at Rudranath; his navel and stomach surfaced at Madhyamaheshwar; and his jata (hair or locks) at Kalpeshwar.[3][4][5][6] Legend also states that Lord Rama, the chief icon of the Ramayana epic, meditated at the Chandrashila peak, which is close to Tungnath. It is also said that Ravana did penance to Shiva, the lord of the peaks, when he resided here.[3] WorshipThe priest at this temple is a local Brahmin from Ukhimath village, unlike the other Kedar temples where the priests are from South India, a tradition set by the eighth century Hindu seer Sankaracharya. It is also said that the Maithani Brahmins officiate as priests at this temple. During the winter season, the temple is closed and the symbolic image of the deity and the temple priests are moved to Makkumath, which is {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} from here. It is near Duggalbitha {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} before Chopta towards Ukhimath.[7][8][9] GeographyTungnath is at the top of the ridge dividing the waters of the Mandakini River (raising from Kedarnath) from those of the Alaknanda River (raising above Badrinath). The Tungnath peak on this ridge is the source of three springs, which form the Akashkamini River. The temple lies about {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} below the Chandrashila Peak ({{convert|4000|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}). The road to Chopta is just below this ridge and hence provides the shortest bridle approach path for trekking to the temple from Chopta, over a short distance of about {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}. From the top of the Chandrashila peak, picturseque views of the Himalayan range comprising snow peaks of Nanda Devi, Panch Chuli, Banderpoonch, Kedarnath, Chaukhamba and Neelkanth on one side, and the Garhwal valley on the opposite side could be witnessed. The valley between Chopta and Tunganath temple has wooded hills with rich alpine meadows with rhododendron coppices and also agricultural fields. The rhododendrons, when they are in full bloom during March, display dazzling colours ranging from crimson to pink. A high-altitude botanical station of the Garhwal University is located here. Nearing the top of the temple, there is a forest resthouse at Dugalibitta, just opposite to the Kedarnath range of hills. The Kedaranth Wild Life Sanctuary, also called the Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary, set up in 1972 to preserve the endangered musk deer, which lies in the region, also has a musk deer breeding centre at Kharchula Kharak near Chopta.[10][11][12][13] ClimateClimate of Tungnath is generally cool throughout the year. Summers are very pleasant with average temperature hovering around 16 degrees Celsius during the day time. Winters are very chilly and temperature drops below the freezing point very frequently. Due to heavy snowfall, Tungnath temple remains closed for around 6 months during winter.[14] Trekking and access{{Panch Kedar}}Other than being a religious destination, Tungnath is also a well known trekking destination. The {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} trek starts from Chopta ({{convert|9600|ft|m|abbr=on|0}}), the nearest place on the NH 58. Chopta is {{convert|63|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} from Rudraprayag towards Karnaprayag and is reached from Rishikesh via Devprayag, Srinagar and Rudraprayag. Of all the Panch Kedar trek routes, the route to Tungnath is the shortest: only {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from Chopta (on the Ukhimath Gopeshwar road) that can be covered in approximately 3–4 hours (depending on the trekker's physical ability). Trek is a moderate (and sometimes steep) climb ({{convert|9600|-|11350|ft|m|abbr=on|0}}), the trek path is stone paved with benches provided en route at intervals to rest and enjoy the beautiful views of the Chowkhamba, Nanda Devi, Neelkanth and Kedarnath peaks.[10] Generally, the pilgrimage to Tunganath is undertaken as part of the Panch Kedar trekking covering all five temples over a {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} route (road cum trek length) starting from Rishikesh in the order of: Kedarnath, Tungnath, Rudranath, Madhyamaheswar and Kalpeshwar. The few pilgrims who undertake this trekking pilgrimage to the shrine do so in summer months (end April or early May to October) as the temple remains snow bound and unapproachable. During this period even Chopta, the nearest road head remains deserted. But it is said that few adepts come to the area during the winter avoiding the pilgrims. The climb to Chandarshila is for {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}.[2][3][10] The nearest airport is Jolly Grant, Dehradun ({{convert|258|km|mi|abbr=on|0}}). The nearest railway station is at Rishikesh ({{convert|241|km|mi|abbr=on|0}}).[15] GalleryReferences1. ^https://round.glass/magazine/journeys/hidden-hamlets/tungnath-the-highest-shiva-temple/ 2. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/adventure/chopta-tungnath-chandrashila.php|title= Chopta, Tungnath and Chandrashila|accessdate=2009-07-11|publisher=euttaranchal}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|author=Rajmani Tigunai|title= At the Eleventh Hour|accessdate=2009-07-15 |work=Shrine of Tungnath|pages=93–94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zjavfN2XukC&pg=PA93&dq=Tungnath|publisher= Himalayan Institute Press|year=2002|isbn= 9780893892128}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://rudraprayag.nic.in/tungnath.htm|title=Tungnath|accessdate=2009-07-11}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://traveluttarakhand.com/panchkedar.html#madhyamaheshwar#madhyamaheshwar|title=Panch Kedar Yatra|accessdate=2009-07-05|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524085601/http://traveluttarakhand.com/panchkedar.html#madhyamaheshwar|archivedate=24 May 2011|df=dmy-all}} 6. ^{{Cite book|author= Kapoor. A. K.|author2=Satwanti Kapoor |title= Ecology and man in the Himalayas|pages=250|work=|publisher= M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=9788185880167}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.jyotirlinga.com/panchakedar.htm|title=Pancha Kedar|accessdate=2009-07-15|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831110615/http://www.jyotirlinga.com/panchakedar.htm|archivedate=31 August 2009|df=dmy-all}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://traveluttarakhand.com/panchkedar.html#madhyamaheshwar#madhyamaheshwar|title=Panch Kedar Yatra|accessdate=2009-07-15|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524085601/http://traveluttarakhand.com/panchkedar.html#madhyamaheshwar|archivedate=24 May 2011|df=dmy-all}} 9. ^{{Cite book|last=Jha|first=Makhan|title=India and Nepal|work= Sacred Complex in Garhwal Himalayas |page = 143|publisher= M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd|year=1998|isbn= 9788175330818}} 10. ^1 2 {{Cite book|author= Roma Bradnock|title= Indian Himalaya handbook |work=The Panch Kedars|pages=114–115|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyZGp_YVzb8C&pg=PA114&dq=Tungnath&lr=|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2000|isbn= 9781900949798}} 11. ^{{Cite book|author= Vishwambhar Prasad Sati |author2=Kamlesh Kumar |title= Uttaranchal: Dilemma Of Plenties And Scarcities |accessdate=2009-07-15|work=Kedarnath|pages =202–204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ct6YMRvYJQ4C&pg=PA203&dq=Tungnath&lr=|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2004|isbn= 9788170998983}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/pilgrimage/tungnath.php|title=Panch Kedar-Tungnath|accessdate=2008-10-17}} 13. ^{{Cite book|author= Bill Aitken|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlxyJYAfz4gC&pg=PA140&dq=Panch+Kedar&ei=8OUcSvr0DYSmkAS-iqmKDg |title=Footloose in the Himalaya |work=Chapter 15:The best little Trek|pages=134–137|publisher= Orient Blackswan|year= 2003|isbn= 9788178240527}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/tungnath|title=Tungnath {{!}} Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board|website=uttarakhandtourism.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-08-15}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/content-kedar.aspx?id=35|title=Panch Kedar: Rudranath|year=2006|publisher=Shri Badrinath -Shri Kedarnath Temple Committee|accessdate=2009-07-16|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155527/http://www.badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/content-kedar.aspx?id=35|archivedate=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}} External links{{Commons category}}
5 : Shiva temples in India|Panch Kedar|Chamoli district|Rudraprayag district|Hindu temples in Uttarakhand |
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