| 词条 | Twofold Bay |
| 释义 |
| name = Twofold Bay | image = Twofold Bay 001.jpg | image_size = 250 | alt = | caption = Looking from Eden across Twofold Bay to wood chip supplies. | pushpin_map = Australia New South Wales | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Twofold Bay in New South Wales | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = South Coast, New South Wales | coords = {{coord|37|03|55|S|149|54|04|E|type:waterbody_region:AU_region:AU-NSW|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = [1] | type = An open oceanic embayment[2] | inflow = Towamba River, Nullica River | outflow = Tasman Sea, South Pacific Ocean | catchment = {{convert|11|km2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = Australia | agency = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|30.7|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|10.9|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = | volume = {{convert|334559|ML}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = never | islands = | cities = Eden | website = {{URL|http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/estuaries/stats/TwofoldBay.htm|NSW Environment & Heritage}} | reference = }} Twofold Bay is an open oceanic embayment[2] that is located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. The bay was named by George Bass, for its shape of two bights.[3] The northern bight is called Calle Calle Bay;[4] while the southern bight is known as Nullica Bay. The bay is also known for the "Killers of Eden", the killer whales that helped a group of whalers in their search for other whales. The best-known of these was Old Tom, whose skeleton is preserved in Eden's local museum.[5] Location and featuresLocated near the town of Eden, Twofold Bay is approximately {{convert|100|km}} to the north of the border between Victoria and New South Wales. The bay is fed from the Nullica River and Towamba River that both flow into Nullica Bay. The catchment area of the bay is {{convert|11|km2}} with a volume of {{convert|334559|ML}} over a surface area of {{convert|30.7|km2}}, at an average depth of {{convert|10.9|m}};[6] making the bay reputedly the third deepest natural harbour in the Southern Hemisphere.[7] Close to North Head is a conspicuous islet, Mewstone Rock. About {{convert|5|km}} south of the islet is Red Point which forms the southern headland of the bay.[4] Eden and the Port of Eden are located in the bay. The historical town of Boydtown is located to the west of the bay, located on Boydtown Beach which stretches south from the mouth of the Nullica River.[8] Local waters including Twofold Bay is recognized as one of twelve coastal aggregation areas for Southern Right Whales in Australia.[9] HistoryIndigenous historyThe original inhabitants of the area surrounding Twofold Bay were Aborigines of the Thaua clan of the Yuin nation.[10] European historyThe first recorded visit to the bay by a European was by George Bass. The diaries of Bass show that he noted the bay when he passed it on his whaleboat voyage to Bass Strait in 1797/8. Bass took shelter in the bay on the return journey in February 1798; and named the place where he sheltered "Snug Cove",[5] a name by which the bay is still known. On 7 October 1798 Bass and Matthew Flinders set out from Port Jackson in the Norfolk on a voyage to determine whether or not Van Diemen's Land (now called Tasmania) was attached to the mainland of Australia. Accompanying them on this voyage was the Nautilus. Two days later a survey of Twofold Bay was commenced. This very accurate survey has required little subsequent modification apart from the addition of water depths and of shore-to-shore distances between important landmarks.[5] Bass and Flinders also made their first contact with the local Thaua people.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} The bay is mentioned in the logs of many ships which sheltered in it from the storms battering that part of the New South Wales coastline. Some of these ships were shipwrecked in the bay including the Mary (1821) and the Sophia (1825).{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} Quarantine Bay, located {{convert|3|km}} south of Eden, is so named because a sailing ship with a smallpox epidemic amongst the people on board took refuge in this (then) isolated area. Many people died and were buried on shore in a communal grave.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} In 1843 Benjamin Boyd purchased land in Twofold Bay with the aim of transporting cattle from the district.[10] Soon afterwards, Boyd started to build the Seahorse Inn adjacent to what is now called Boydtown Beach. Boydtown Beach lies on the western shore of Twofold Bay just south of the entrance to the Nullica River, which is located at the southern end of Quarantine Bay. The Seahorse Inn is still used for tourist accommodation. Nearby are the ruins of the church which Ben Boyd had constructed. Industry{{main|Port of Eden}}In the mid-2000s two major wharves dominate the south-eastern section of the bay. The most easterly wharf services the woodchip mill.[4] Usually two ships per month use the wharf. The forestry industry plays a significant role in the region. The Eden woodchip mill is owned by South East Fibre Exports (SEFE), a subsidiary of Japan's biggest paper manufacturer, Nippon Paper Industries. The mill processes whole tree logs and is unable to process waste wood. The Eden chipmill was Australia's first chipmill and has been vigorously opposed by conservationists for over forty years. Some conservationists argue that woodchipping not only kills millions of native animals and birds, it is a major contributor to climate change.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} The second wharf belongs to the Department of Defence and is used by the Royal Australian Navy to service its ships.[4] Parallel to the woodchip mill is a naval munitions storage depot. It is a multi-purpose wharf which allows other vessels, including cruise ships, to also moor at the wharf when the Naval ships are not using it.[4] Mussel farming occupies the westerly part of the bay off the small peninsula between Cattle Bay and Quarantine Bay.[4] See also{{stack|{{portal|New South Wales}}}}
References1. ^{{Gazetteer of Australia|name=Twofold Bay (NSW)|feature=NSW60837}} 2. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=Roy, P. S |author2=Williams, R. J |author3=Jones, A. R |author4=Yassini, I |year=2001 |title=Structure and Function of South-east Australian Estuaries |journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science |volume=53 |pages=351–384 |doi=10.1006/ecss.2001.0796|display-authors=etal}} 3. ^{{cite book|first=Miriam|last=Estensen|title=The Life of George Bass|publisher=Allen and Unwin|year=2005|isbn=1-74114-130-3|page=82}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=http://www.visiteden.com.au/pdf/Eden%20Magazine%202010.pdf|format=PDF|title=Eden: a natural paradise|publisher=visiteden.com.au|work=Tourism Guide|year=|accessdate=1 June 2013}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Wellings|first=H. P.|title=Eden and Twofold Bay: Discovery, Early History and Points of Interest 1797-1965|edition=Second|isbn=0-646-29410-5}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/estuaries/stats/TwofoldBay.htm|title=Twofold Bay|work=Coastal and floodplain management: Coastal zone management: Estuaries of NSW|publisher=NSW Environment and Heritage|date=27 April 2012|accessdate=1 June 2013}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.visiteden.com.au/|title=Welcome to Eden: homepage|work=Visit Eden|publisher=Eden Chamber of Commerce|year=2013|accessdate=1 June 2013}} 8. ^{{NSW GNR|id=SXjLjzsEKW|title=Twofold Bay|date=24 April 1975|accessdate=1 June 2013}} 9. ^{{cite journal|title=Conservation Management Plan for the Southern Right Whale - A Recovery Plan under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (2011–2021)|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/4b8c7f35-e132-401c-85be-6a34c61471dc/files/e-australis-2011-2021.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402202914/http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/4b8c7f35-e132-401c-85be-6a34c61471dc/files/e-australis-2011-2021.pdf|dead-url=no|archive-date=2015-04-02|format=PDF|accessdate=2015-12-08}} 10. ^1 {{cite news|last=Blaxell|first=Gregory|title=Twofold Bay and Eden|work=Afloat|page=28|publisher=Afloat Publications|date=1 September 2008|url=|accessdate=}} External links
4 : South Coast (New South Wales)|Bays of New South Wales|Whaling stations in Australia|Eden, New South Wales |
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