| 词条 | Typhoon Nina (1975) |
| 释义 |
| Name = Typhoon Nina (Bebeng) | Basin = WPac | Year = 1975 | Type = super typhoon | image = File:Typhoon_Nina_(1975)_Ex._Deepening.JPG | caption = Typhoon Nina while undergoing explosive deepening on August 2 | Formed = July 30, 1975 | Dissipated = August 8, 1975 | Remnant low = August 6 | 1-min winds = 135 | Pressure = 900 | Fatalities = ≥229,000 total (Fourth-deadliest tropical cyclone on record) | Damages = 1200 | Areas = Taiwan, Eastern and Central China | Hurricane season = 1975 Pacific typhoon season }} Typhoon Nina, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Bebeng, was the fourth-deadliest tropical cyclone on record. At least 229,000 people died after the Banqiao Dam (in Zhumadian, Henan Province, China) collapsed and devastated areas downstream. The collapse of the dam due to heavy floods also caused a string of smaller dams to collapse, adding more damage caused by the typhoon. Meteorological history{{storm path|Nina 1975 track.png}}A well defined trough line extending southeastward into the Philippine Sea spawned a disturbance on July 29. After initial status as a disturbance, Tropical Depression 04W moved southwestward for 36 hours as the structure of the system began to organize. On July 31, the depression slowed down and began to rapidly intensify to a tropical storm and was named "Nina" then it began to turn to the northwest. A subtropical ridge prevented Nina from turning further north and it began to track west-northwest just before reaching typhoon intensity. Nina underwent explosive development on the late hours of August 1. Aircraft reconnaissance reported a 65 hPa drop of pressure on the same day as well as August 2 with wind speeds increasing from a mere 65 kn (75 mph, 120 km/h) to 130 kt (150 mph, 240 km/h) during that period and it attained its peak intensity of 135 kn (155 mph, 250 km/h) later that day. The typhoon began to weaken as it approached Taiwan, making landfall near the coastal city of Hualien as a Category 3 storm with 100 kn (115 mph, 185 km/h) winds.[1] The storm began to weaken as it battered across the island's central mountain range, sparing the most populated areas from the eyewall. It entered the Formosa Straits as a weak typhoon and the storm made another landfall near Jinjiang, Fujian.[2] After moving toward the northwest and crossing Jiangxi, it turned north on the night of August 5 near Changde, Hunan. A day later, the storm moved over Xinyang, Henan, and later was blocked by a cold front near Zhumadian, Henan for three days.[3] The stationary thunderstorm system brought heavy rainfall, causing the infamous collapse of the Banqiao Dam. The storm moved southwest on August 8, and dissipated soon afterwards.[4] Impact{{Deadliest tropical cyclones}}TaiwanUpon making landfall in Taiwan, the storm brought winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) to places near the storm's eye.[5] Wind gusts were also measured up to {{convert|222|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.[5] Widespread heavy rainfall, peaking around {{convert|700|mm|in|abbr=on}},[6] from the storm triggered deadly flooding and landslides which killed 29 people and injured 168 others. Reports from the island indicate that 3,000 homes were damaged or destroyed by the typhoon.[7] In the city of Hualien alone, four people were killed, 561 homes were destroyed, and 1,831 more homes were damaged.[8] Across the island, domestic flights, trains, and bus services were all suspended due to the storm; however, Taipei Songshan Airport remained open for international flights.[9] Mainland China{{See also|Banqiao Dam#1975 flood}}Due to the interaction with the mountains of Taiwan, Nina weakened to a tropical storm before making landfall in mainland China. The storm crossed the coastline with winds of 110 km/h (70 mph); however, little damage resulted near where the system struck land.[7] Further inland, the remnants of the storm produced widespread torrential rainfall, with more than {{convert|400|mm|in|abbr=on}} falling across an area of 19,410 km2 (7,500 mi2). The heaviest rainfall was recorded along the Banqiao Dam where {{convert|1631|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain fell, {{convert|830|mm|in|abbr=on}} of which fell in a six-hour span.[10] These rains led to the collapse of the Banqiao Dam, which received 1-in-2000-year flood conditions. In all, 62 dams failed during the disaster, causing large temporary lakes and $1.2 billion (1975 USD) in damage.[11] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1975atcr/pdf/1975_complete.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-11-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202110321/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1975atcr/pdf/1975_complete.pdf |archivedate=2010-02-02 |df= }} JTWC's ATCR on the 1975 typhoon season 2. ^http://www.hnqx.cn/xqhy/xq_view.jsp?id=6814 Pan Jiazheng, the progress of the 1975 flood {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313041305/http://www.hnqx.cn/xqhy/xq_view.jsp?id=6814 |date=March 13, 2007 }} 3. ^Monsoons Over China by Ding Yihui, Springer 1994 edition (December 31, 1993), page 229. 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hnqx.cn/xqhy/xq_view.jsp?id=6778 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-06-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313041316/http://www.hnqx.cn/xqhy/xq_view.jsp?id=6778 |archivedate=2007-03-13 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|work=The Montreal Gazette|date=August 4, 1975|accessdate=July 19, 2010|title=Typhoon batters Taiwan|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DZguAAAAIBAJ&sjid=d6EFAAAAIBAJ&dq=typhoon%20nina&pg=5711%2C747563|page=2}} 6. ^{{cite web|publisher=Chinese Weather Bureau|year=1975|accessdate=July 19, 2010|script-title=zh:台灣全區總雨量|url=http://photino.cwb.gov.tw/tyweb/tyfnweb/image/r-shu/R-S-1975-NINA-08-02-04.jpg|language=zh}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command|year=1976|accessdate=July 19, 2010|title=Super Typhoon Nina (04W) Preliminary Report|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1975atcr/pdf/wnp/04.pdf|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607051832/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1975atcr/pdf/wnp/04.pdf|archivedate=June 7, 2011|df=}} 8. ^{{cite news|author=Associated Press|work=The Modesto Bee|date=August 4, 1975|accessdate=July 19, 2010|title=Typhoon Kills 12 In Taiwan|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w1guAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FH8FAAAAIBAJ&dq=typhoon%20nina&pg=1726%2C818152|page=83}} 9. ^{{cite news|author=United Press International|work=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |date=August 4, 1975|accessdate=July 19, 2010|title=Typhoon Nina Batters Taiwan With Rain, Wind|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=V0k0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=ImcEAAAAIBAJ&dq=typhoon%20nina&pg=5413%2C1437758|page=5}} 10. ^{{cite web|publisher=华东师范大学|year=2010|accessdate=July 19, 2010|script-title=zh:758大暴雨|url=http://jpkc.ecnu.edu.cn/qxx/typhoon/758rain.htm|language=zh|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707024134/http://jpkc.ecnu.edu.cn/qxx/typhoon/758rain.htm|archivedate=July 7, 2011|df=}} 11. ^Anderson-Berry 5-1 paper External links{{Commons category|Typhoon Nina (1975)}}
6 : Tropical cyclone articles needing attention|1975 Pacific typhoon season|Typhoons in Taiwan|Typhoons in China|1975 in China|Typhoons |
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