词条 | Typhoons in the Philippines | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Approximately twenty tropical cycloness enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility yearly, an area which incorporates parts of the Pacific Ocean, South China Sea and the Philippine Archipelago (with the exception of Tawi-Tawi province). Among these cyclones, ten will be typhoons, with five having the potential to be destructive ones.[1] The Philippines is "the most exposed country in the world to tropical storms" according to a Time Magazine article in 2013.[2] In the Philippine languages, typhoons are called bagyo.[3] Typhoons can hit the Philippines any time of year, with the months of June to September being most active, with August being the most active individual month and May the least active. Typhoons move east to west across the country, heading north as they go. Storms most frequently make landfall on the islands of Eastern Visayas, Bicol region, and northern Luzon[2] whereas the southern island and region of Mindanao is largely free of typhoons. The deadliest overall tropical cyclone to affect the Philippines is believed to have been the Haiphong typhoon which is estimated to have killed up to 20,000 people as it passed over the country in September 1881. In modern meteorological records, the deadliest storm was Typhoon Yolanda (international name Haiyan), which became the strongest landfalling tropical cyclone ever recorded as it crossed the Visayas in central Philippines on November 7–8, 2013. The wettest known tropical cyclone to impact the archipelago was the July 14–18, 1911 cyclone which dropped over {{convert|2210|mm|in}} of rainfall within a 3-day, 15-hour period in Baguio.[4] Tropical cyclones usually account for at least 30 percent of the annual rainfall in the northern Philippines while being responsible for less than 10 percent of the annual rainfall in the southern islands. PAGASA Senior Weather Specialist Anthony Lucero told the newsite Rappler that the number of destructive typhoons have increased recently but it is too early to call it a trend.[1] Tropical cyclones entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility are given a local name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), which also raises public storm signal warnings as deemed necessary.[5][6] Preparation and response to typhoons is coordinated by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). Each Philippine province and local government in the Philippines has a corresponding Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (DRRMO). Each provincial and local government is required to set aside 5% of its yearly budget for disaster risk reduction, preparations, and response.[1] The frequency of typhoons in the Philippines have made the typhoons a significant part of everyday ancient and modern Filipino culture.[7] EtymologyBagyo (sometimes spelled bagyu) is the word for "typhoon" or "storm" in most Philippine languages, including Tagalog, Visayan, Ilocano, Bicolano, Hanunó'o, Aklanon, and Pangasinan. It is derived from Proto-Austronesian *baRiuS, meaning "typhoon". Cognates in other Austronesian languages include Sama baliw ("wind"), Amis faliyos or farios ("typhoon"); Saisiyat balosh ("typhoon"), Babuza bayus ("storm"), Puyuma variw, Bintulu bauy ("wind"), Kelabit bariw ("storm wind"), and Chamorro pakyo ("typhoon").[8]Storm naming conventions: local and international namesThe Joint Typhoon Warning Center in Honolulu started monitoring and naming storms in the Western Pacific region in 1945, originally using female names in English alphabetical order. That list was revised in 1979 by introducing male names to be used in alternation with the female names.[9] The Philippine Weather Bureau started naming storms within their area of responsibility in 1963, using female Filipino names ending in ng in native alphabetical order. The Bureau continued to monitor typhoons until the agency's abolition in 1972, after which its duties were transferred to the newly-established PAGASA. This often resulted in a Western Pacific cyclone carrying two names: an international name and a local name generally used within the Philippines. This two-name scheme is still followed today. Beginning in 2000, cyclone monitoring duties in the Western Pacific were transferred from the JTWC to the Japan Meteorological Agency, the RSMC of the World Meteorological Organization. The international naming scheme of the typhoons was replaced with a sequential list of names contributed by 14 nations in the region, including the Philippines. The new scheme largely uses terms for local features of the contributing nation, such as animals, plants, foods and adjectives in the native language. The rotation of names is based on the alphabetical order of the contributing nations. The Philippines, however, would maintain its own naming scheme for its local forecasts. In 2001, PAGASA revised its naming scheme to contain longer annual lists with a more mixed set of names. Currently, the JMA and PAGASA each assign names to typhoons that form within or enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility. The JMA naming scheme for international use contains 140 names described above. The list is not restricted by year; the first name to be used in a typhoon season is the name after the last-named cyclone of the preceding season. The PAGASA naming scheme for Philippine use contains four lists, each containing twenty-five names arranged in alphabetical order. Every typhoon season begins with the first name in the assigned list, and the rolls of names are each reused every four years. An auxiliary list of ten names is used when the main list in a year had been exhausted. Not all Western Pacific cyclones are given names by both weather agencies, as JMA does not name tropical depressions, and PAGASA does not name cyclones outside the Philippine Area of Responsibility. In the case of both weather agencies, names are retired when a typhoon carrying it caused severe or costly damage and loss of life. Retirement is decided by the agencies' committees, although in PAGASA's case, names are routinely retired when the cyclone caused at least 300 deaths or ₱1 billion in damage in the Philippines. Retired names are replaced with another name for the next rotation, for JMA by the nation that submitted the retired name, and for PAGASA with a name sharing the same first letter as the retired name. Variability in activityOn an annual time scale, activity reaches a minimum in May, before increasing steadily to June, and spiking from July to September, with August being the most active month for tropical cyclones in the Philippines. Activity reduces significantly in October.[10] The most active season, since 1945, for tropical cyclone strikes on the island archipelago was 1993 when nineteen tropical cyclones moved through the country (though there were 36 storms that were named by PAGASA).[11] There was only one tropical cyclone which moved through the Philippines in 1958.[12] The most frequently impacted areas of the Philippines by tropical cyclones are northern Luzon and eastern Visayas.[13] A ten-year average of satellite determined precipitation showed that at least 30 percent of the annual rainfall in the northern Philippines could be traced to tropical cyclones, while the southern islands receive less than 10 percent of their annual rainfall from tropical cyclones.[14] Tropical cyclone warning signals{{Philippine Tropical Cyclone Signals}}The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) releases tropical cyclone warnings in the form of tropical cyclone warning signals.[6] An area having a storm signal may be under:
These tropical cyclone warning signals are usually raised when an area (in the Philippines only) is about to be hit by a tropical cyclone. As a tropical cyclone gains strength and/or gets nearer to an area having a storm signal, the warning may be upgraded to a higher one in that particular area (e.g. a signal No. 1 warning for an area may be increased to signal #3). Conversely, as a tropical cyclone weakens and/or gets farther to an area, it may be downgraded to a lower signal or may be lifted (that is, an area will have no storm signal). Classes for preschool are canceled when signal No. 1 is in effect. Elementary and high school classes and below are cancelled under signal No. 2 and classes for colleges, universities and below are cancelled under signal Nos. 3, 4 and 5. Deadliest cyclones
Most destructive
Wettest recorded tropical cyclones{{Main article|List of wettest tropical cyclones by country}}{{Wettest tropical cyclones in the Philippines|align=Left}}{{clear}}See also
For other storms impacting the Philippines in deadly seasons, see:
References1. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=de la Cruz|first1=Gwen|title=IN NUMBERS: Typhoons in the Philippines and the 2016 polls|url=http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/126001-typhoons-enter-philippines-fast-facts|accessdate=12 April 2017|work=Rappler|date=March 19, 2016|language=en}} 2. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Sophie|title=The Philippines Is the Most Storm-Exposed Country on Earth|url=http://world.time.com/2013/11/11/the-philippines-is-the-most-storm-exposed-country-on-earth/|accessdate=12 April 2017|work=Time|date=November 11, 2013}} 3. ^Glossary of Meteorology. Baguio. Retrieved on 2008-06-11. 4. ^{{cite book|title=World Meteorological Organization Operational Hydrology Report No. 1: Manual For Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation|author=J. L. H. Paulhaus|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|year=1973|page=178}} 5. ^{{cite web | author = Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division | title = Frequently Asked Questions: What are the upcoming tropical cyclone names? | publisher = NOAA | accessdate = 2006-12-11 | url = http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/B2.html}} 6. ^1 Republic of the Philippines. Department of Science and Technology. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. (n.d.). The Modified Philippine Public Storm Warning Signals. Retrieved November 6, 2016. 7. ^{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Sophie|title=The Philippines Is the Most Storm-Exposed Country on Earth|url=http://world.time.com/2013/11/11/the-philippines-is-the-most-storm-exposed-country-on-earth/|accessdate=12 April 2017|work=Time|date=November 11, 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-s_b.htm#25175|title=*baRiuS|author=Robert Blust & Stephen Trussel |date=2010|publisher=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary|accessdate=5 September 2018}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/names2.htm|title=Names|last=Padua|first=David Michael|date=|website=Typhoon2000|access-date=}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/PhilippineTyphoons1566-1900.pdf|title=Typhoons in the Philippine Islands, 1566-1900|author=Ricardo García-Herrera, Pedro Ribera, Emiliano Hernández and Luis Gimeno|publisher=David V. Padua|page=40|date=2003-09-26|accessdate=2010-04-13}} 11. ^{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|year=2009|url=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf|title=Member Report Republic of the Philippines|work=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|accessdate=2010-04-14}} 12. ^{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|year=1959|title=1958|publisher=United States Navy}} 13. ^{{cite book|author=Colleen A. Sexton|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ffGdShrIrQAC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=most+active+typhoon+season+for+the+philippines#PPA2,M1|title=Philippines in Pictures|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|accessdate=2008-11-01|isbn=978-0-8225-2677-3|year=2006}} 14. ^{{cite journal|author1=Edward B. Rodgers |author2=Robert F. Adler |author3=Harold F. Pierce |last-author-amp=yes |url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=display-figures&name=i1520-0450-39-10-1658-f02|title=Satellite-measured rainfall across the Pacific Ocean and tropical cyclone contribution to the total|accessdate=2008-11-25|doi=}} 15. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20080522105810/http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stats/10WorstPhilippineTyphoons.htm Ten Worst Typhoons of the Philippines (A Summary)] 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.unocha.org/aggregator/sources/120 |title=TyphoonHaiyan - RW Updates |at=Philippines: Hundreds of corpses unburied after Philippine typhoon |date=December 28, 2013 |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |accessdate=December 30, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232543/http://www.unocha.org/aggregator/sources/120 |archivedate=December 30, 2013 |df= }} 17. ^Leoncio A. Amadore, PhD Socio-Economic Impacts of Extreme Climatic Events in the Philippines. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002233648/http://www.wmo.ch/pages/madrid07/confmadrid/suminfo/3_session1_socio-eco%20imapct%20of%20xtrem%20climatic%20events_LAmador.doc |date=2008-10-02 }} Retrieved on 2007-02-25. 18. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Historical deadly typhoons in the Philippines |author1=Pedro Ribera |author2=Ricardo Garcia-Herrera |author3=Luis Gimeno |lastauthoramp=yes |page=196|journal=Weather|date=July 2008|volume=63|number=7|doi=10.1002/wea.275|bibcode = 2008Wthr...63..194R }} External links{{commons|Tropical cyclones in the Philippines}}
2 : Typhoons in the Philippines|Lists of tropical cyclones by area |
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