| 词条 | Téméraire-class ship of the line | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Téméraire-class ships of the line were class of a hundred and twenty 74-gun ships of the line ordered between 1782 and 1813 for the French navy or its attached navies in dependent (French-occupied) territories. Although a few of these were cancelled, the type was and remains the most numerous class of capital ship ever built.{{cn|date=November 2018}} The class was designed by Jacques-Noël Sané in 1782 as a development of the Annibal and her near-sister Northumberland, both of which had been designed by him and built at Brest during the 1777-1780 period. Some dozen ships were ordered and built to this new design from 1782 to 1785, and then the same design was adopted as a standard for all subsequent 74s during the next three decades as part of the fleet expansion programme instituted by Jean-Charles de Borda in 1786.[1][2] The design was appreciated in Britain, which eagerly commissioned captured ships and even copied the design with the {{Sclass-|Pompée|ship of the line|5}} and {{Sclass-|America|ship of the line|4}}. Variants from basic designWhile all the French 74-gun ships from the mid-1780s until the close of the Napoleonic Wars were to the Téméraire design, there were three variants of the basic design which Sané developed with the same hull form of Téméraire. In 1793 two ships were laid down at Brest to an enlarged design; in 1801 two ships were commenced at Lorient with a slightly shorter length than the standard design (with a third ship commenced at Brest but never completed); and in 1803 two ships were commenced at Toulon to a smaller version (many more ships to this 'small(er) model' were then built in the shipyards controlled by France in Italy and the Netherlands) - these are detailed separately below. Ships in class{{list to table|date=January 2017}}Téméraire group (18 ships)
Builder: Brest shipyard Ordered: 15 February 1782 Laid down: May 1782 Launched: 17 December 1782 Completed: July 1783 Fate: Condemned, November 1801. Broken up, 1803.[3]
Builder: Lorient shipyard Ordered: 15 February 1782 Laid down: July 1782 Launched: 28 October 1784 Completed: 1785 Fate: Condemned, November 1802. Broken up, 1803.[4]
Builder: Brest shipyard Ordered: 15 February 1782 Laid down: July 1782 Launched: 11 November 1784 Completed: 1785 Fate: Wrecked off Brest, 30 January 1795.[5]
Builder: Rochefort shipyard Ordered: 15 February 1782 Laid down: July 1782 Launched: 21 June 1785 Completed: October 1785 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy at Toulon in August 1793, but retaken by the French in December 1793; captured again by the Royal Navy in February 1800 and served as HMS Généreux. Broken up in 1816.[6]
Builder: Toulon shipyard Ordered: 1784 Laid down: September 1784 Launched: 15 September 1785 Completed: 1786 or 1787 Fate: Destroyed in action at the Battle of the Nile, August 1798.[7]
Builder: Brest shipyard Ordered: 1784 Laid down: December 1784 Launched: 16 September 1785 Completed: 1786 Fate: Surrendered to Spain by her officers at Trinidad in January 1793.[8]
Builder: Lorient shipyard Ordered: 1782 Laid down: August 1782, but work stopped in February 1783 and she was demolished. Re-laid down: November 1784 Launched: 19 September 1785 Completed: late 1785 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy at Trafalgar on 21 October 1805, and subsequently wrecked.[9]
Builder: Brest shipyard Ordered: 1784 Laid down: September 1784 Launched: 3 October 1785 Completed: April 1786 Fate: Condemned in May 1820 and became Pontoon No.4 in April 1821.[10] Broken up at Rochefort in late 1832.[11]
Builder: Toulon shipyard Ordered: 1784 Laid down: September 1784 Launched: 7 October 1785 Completed: September 1787 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy at Toulon in August 1793, then destroyed during the Siege of Toulon in December 1793.[12][13]
Builder: Lorient shipyard Ordered: 1784 Laid down: January 1783, but work stopped in February 1783 and she was demolished. Re-laid down: November 1784 Launched: 17 November 1785 Completed: August 1787 Fate: Broken up at Rochefort, 1803.[14]
Builder: Rochefort shipyard Ordered: 1782 Laid down: October 1784 Launched: 18 April 1787 Completed: 1788 Fate: Condemned 1802, and broken up 1803-04.[15]
Builder: Brest shipyard Ordered: 1785 Begun: October 1785 Launched: 22 June 1787 Completed: July 1787 Fate: Wrecked and then burnt, February 1793.[16]
Builder: Lorient shipyard Ordered: Begun: May 1786 Launched: 11 October 1787 Completed: 1788 Fate: Broken up, 1803.[17]
Builder: Rochefort shipyard Ordered: Begun: July 1786 Launched: 25 October 1787 Completed: 1788 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy, 1 June 1794. Accidentally destroyed by fire, 24 August 1794.[18]
Builder: Rochefort shipyard Ordered: Begun: April 1787 Launched: 21 May 1788 Completed: 1788 Fate: Broken up, 1798.[19]
Builder: Brest shipyard Ordered: Begun: end 1786 Launched: 21 May 1788 Completed: 1789 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy, 1 June 1794, and served as HMS Impétueux. Broken up, 1813.[20]
Builder: Brest shipyard Ordered: Begun: End 1786 Launched: 30 October 1788 Completed: July 1790 Fate: Destroyed during the Siege of Toulon, December 1793.[21]
Builder: Rochefort shipyard Ordered: Begun: September 1787 Launched: 8 June 1789 Completed: June 1790 Fate: Captured by Britain during the Battle of the Nile on 2 August 1798. Served as HMS Aboukir until broken up in Plymouth in 1802.[22] Duquesne group (46 ships)
Builder: Toulon shipyard Ordered: Begun: August 1787 Launched: 2 September 1788 Completed: 1789 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy on 24 July 1803, and served as HMS Duquesne. Broken up in 1805.
Builder: Lorient shipyard Ordered: Begun: June 1787 Launched: 16 December 1788 Completed: July 1790 Decommissioned: 26 October 1833 Fate: Broken up at Brest, 1841.
Builder: Lorient shipyard Ordered: Begun: June 1787 Launched: 15 November 1789 Completed: August 1790 Fate: Broken up in Baltimore, 1816.
Builder: Brest shipyard Ordered: 19 August 1787 Begun: June 1788 Launched: 4 November 1789 Completed: October 1790 Fate: Broken up in Brest, 1807.
Builder: Brest shipyard Ordered: Begun: 23 May 1788 Launched: 16 December 1789 Completed: August 1790 Fate: Ran aground, 12 December 1792. Abandoned, and finally sank, 8 June 1793.
Builder: Lorient shipyard Ordered: Launched: 7 November 1790 Fate: Wrecked at the Battle of the Basque Roads on 26 February 1809, hull burnt by the British in April.
Builder: Toulon shipyard Ordered: Launched: 30 July 1790 Fate: Captured by the British at Toulon in August 1793, commissioned with a crew of French Royalist rebels under British command, burnt by accident at Livorno on 28 November 1793.[23]
Builder: Rochefort shipyard Ordered: Launched: 14 April 1790 Fate: Broken up, 1816.
Builder: Rochefort shipyard Ordered: Launched: Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy during the Battle of Cape Ortegal, 4 November 1805. Served as HMS Mont Blanc. Used as a gunpowder hulk from 1811, and sold in 1819.
Builder: Brest shipyard Ordered: Launched: 31 May 1791 Fate: Participated in the Battle of Trafalgar, taken by the British, foundered two days later, 22 October 1805.
Builder: Lorient shipyard Ordered: Launched: 1791 Fate: Burnt by the Royal Navy at the Siege of Toulon, 18 December 1793.[24]
Builder: Lorient shipyard Ordered: Launched: 24 January 1792 Fate: Decommissioned, June 1802. Broken up, 1805.
Builder: Brest Ordered: Launched: 1794 Fate: Grounded and burnt at the Battle of the Basque Roads, April 1809
Builder: Toulon shipyard Ordered: Launched:28 May 1791 Fate: Captured at Toulon by the Royal Navy, 29 August 1793. Served as HMS Pompee. Converted to prison hulk at Portsmouth, 1816. Broken up, January 1817.
Builder: Brest Ordered: Launched: 8 May 1793 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy during the Battle of Groix, 23 June 1795. Served as HMS Tigre. Broken up, June 1817.
Builder: Lorient Ordered: Launched: 1793 Fate: Wrecked at Saint-Domingue, January 1802.
Builder: Ordered: Launched: Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy on 12 October 1798. Served as HMS Donegal. Broken up, 1845.
Builder: Lorient shipyard Ordered: Launched: 29 May 1794 Fate: Driven ashore by HMS Amazon and Indefatigable and wrecked on 14 January 1797.
Builder: Rochefort Ordered: Launched: 22 January 1794 Fate: Decommissioned, May 1820.
Builder: Rochefort shipyard Ordered: Launched: 29 April 1794 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy at the Battle of Groix, 23 June 1795, served as {{HMS|Belleisle|1795|6}}. Broken up in 1814.
Builder: Lorient Ordered: 3 July 1793 Launched: 1794 Fate: Scrapped, 1808.
Builder: Lorient Ordered: 16 February 1793 Launched: 2 May 1795 Fate: Captured by {{HMS|Donegal|1798|6}} during the Battle of San Domingo, 6 February 1806. Foundered, 12 April 1806.
Builder: Toulon Ordered: Launched: 21 July 1795 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy in the Action of 13 March 1806, and served as HMS Marengo until broken up 1816.
Builder: Lorient Ordered: Launched: 1795 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy during the Battle of San Domingo, 6 February 1806, and served as HMS Maida. Sold for breaking up, 1814.
Builder: Lorient Ordered: Launched: 5 December 1797 Fate: Captured by {{HMS|Mars|1794|6}} during the Battle of the Raz de Sein on 21 April 1798, and served as HMS Hercules. Broken up in December 1810.
Builder: Toulon Ordered: Launched: 1797 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy during the Battle of the Nile, 2 August 1798. Served as HMS Spartiate. Broken up, 1857.
Builder: Lorient Ordered: Launched: 22 December 1798 Fate: Exchanged with Spain, 1806.
Builder: Lorient Ordered: Launched: 1 February 1798 Fate: Destroyed by accidental fire before being commissioned.
Builder: Lorient Ordered: 31 May 1798 Begun: August 1798 Launched: 24 January 1803 Completed: March 1803 Fate: Beached and set ablaze by the British in the Chesapeake, 14 September 1806.
Builder: Lorient Ordered: Launched: 1799 Fate: Ran aground and wrecked during the Battle of San Domingo, 6 February 1806. Burnt by the Royal Navy, 8 February 1806.
Builder: Rochefort Ordered: Launched: 1800 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy at Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. Retaken by her crew on 22 October 1805, but sank in a heavy storm the next day.
Builder: Rochefort Ordered: Launched: 24 March 1800 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy in the Battle of Cape Ortegal, 4 November 1805, and served as HMS Implacable. Renamed HMS Foudroyant, 1943. Scuttled, 2 December 1949.
Builder: Rochefort Ordered: Launched: 1801 Fate: Captured by Spain at Cadiz, June 1808.
Builder: Lorient Ordered: Launched: 1798 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy at the Battle of Cape Ortegal, 4 November 1805. Served as HMS Scipion until broken up in January 1819.
Builder: Rochefort Ordered: Launched: 18 August 1803 Fate: Decommissioned, 1816.
Builder: Rochefort Ordered: Launched: November 1804 Fate: Sunk at the battle of Trafalgar, 22 October 1805.
Builder: Rochefort Ordered: Launched: 12 January 1804 Fate: Ran aground and burnt, 26 October 1809.
Builder: Lorient Ordered: Launched: 12 April 1805 Fate: Burnt by crew to avoid capture, 7 April 1814.
Builder: Rochefort Ordered: Launched: 17 June 1806 Fate: Decommissioned, 1816.[25]
Builder: Lorient Ordered: Launched: 3 February 1806 Fate: Broken up, 1831.
Builder: Lorient Ordered: Launched: 2 September 1807 Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy on 17 April 1809 during Troude's expedition to the Caribbean. Served as HMS Abercrombie. Sold, 1817.
Builder: Rochefort Ordered: Launched: 1809 Fate: Hulked, 1828. Danube Group (26 ships)
Builder: Lorient Ordered: Begun: August 1805 Launched: 25 May 1808 Completed: October 1808 Fate: Broken up at Brest, 1825.
Builder: Brest Ordered: Begun: 16 April 1794 Launched: 9 June 1808 Completed: September 1808 Fate: Wrecked during the Battle of the Basque Roads on 12 April 1809, and burned by her crew to avoid capture.
Builder: Rochefort Ordered:1804 Launched:1809 Fate: Converted to a pontoon, 1828.[10]
Builder: Toulon Ordered: Begun: June 1807 Launched: 27 December 1808 Completed: August 1809 Fate: Converted to a pontoon, 1828.[10]
Builder: Rochefort Ordered: Launched: 25 May 1809 Fate: Converted to a pontoon, 1822.[10]
Builder: Lorient Ordered: Launched: 8 December 1809 Fate: Wrecked off Brest, 23 March 1814.
Builder: Brest Ordered: Launched: 1810 Fate: Struck, 1849
Builder: Lorient Ordered: Launched: 12 October 1810 Fate: Struck, 21 July 1858. Prison hulk from 1860 to 1865. Broken up in 1873.
Builder: Toulon Ordered: Launched: 9 June 1811 Fate: Struck, 24 November 1857. Used as a barracks hulk from 1857 to 1869. Broken up in 1879.
Builder: Antwerp Ordered: Launched: 1811 Fate: Struck, 1826.
Builder: Genoa Ordered: Launched: 1812 Fate: Converted to a pontoon, 1836.[10]
Builder: Antwerp Ordered: Launched: 1812 Fate: Converted to a pontoon, 1826.[10] Broken up, 1831.
Builder: Toulon Ordered: Launched: 1812 Fate: Broken up, 1840.
Builder: Toulon Ordered: Launched: 15 August 1812 Fate: Struck, 22 June 1858, and used as a barracks hulk. Broken up in Toulon, 1877.
Builder: Genoa Ordered: Launched: 1813 Fate: Struck, 1846.
Builder: Brest Ordered: Launched: 1813 Fate: Scrapped, 1841.
Builder: Cherbourg Ordered: Launched: 1813 Fate: Struck, and used as a floating magazine from 1824.
Builder: Toulon Ordered: Launched: 5 December 1812 Fate: Struck, 1831. Broken up, 1840.
Builder: Antwerp Ordered: Begun: December 1808 Launched: 5 July 1814 Completed: September 1814 Fate: Lost, 1833.
Builder: Genoa Ordered: Begun: February 1812. Captured by the British, 18 April 1814. Launched: 18 April 1815 for the British Navy as HMS Genoa Completed: 1815 Fate: Broken up at Plymouth, 1838.
Builder: Toulon Ordered: Begun: September 1812 Launched: 26 May 1815 Completed: August 1815 Fate: Struck, 31 December 1855, and used as a hospital ship. Broken up, 1881.
Builder: Rochefort Ordered: Begun: January 1812 Launched: 18 June 1818 Completed: July 1818 Fate: Razeed to 58-gun frigate during 1831-34. Struck, and converted to a pontoon, 1853.[10] Broken up, 1874.
Builder: Lorient-Caudan Ordered: Begun: July 1811 Launched: 25 August 1820 Completed: December 1820 Fate: Broken up, 1833
Builder: Rochefort Ordered: Begun: April 1813 Launched: 22 September 1823 Completed: December 1824 Fate: Converted to a pontoon, 1852.[10] Broken up, 1870.
Builder: Brest Ordered: Begun: October 1813 Launched: 26 August 1824 Completed: 1825 Fate: Broken up, 1870.
Builder: Cherbourg Ordered: Begun: July 1813 Launched: 23 September 1831 Completed: 1832 Fate: Broken up, 1865. Three further ships to this design were begun at Castellammare di Stabia for the "puppet" Neapolitan Navy of Joachim Murat:
Begun: end 1808 Launched: 21 August 1810 Completed: January 1812 Fate: Out of service 1847, and broken up.
Begun: September 1810 Launched: 1 August 1812 Completed: May 1813 Fate: Damaged by fire, 10 May 1820. Sold for breaking up, 1821.
Large Variant (Cassard group – 2 ships launched)Two ships were laid down in 1793-94 at Brest to a variant of Sané's design with the aim of carrying 24-pounder guns on the upper deck instead of the 18-pounders carried by the Téméraire. These ships were 2 feet longer than the standard 74s, and half a foot wider. The first was begun as the Lion, but was renamed Glorieux in 1795 and Cassard in 1798. The second was begun as the Magnanime, but was renamed Quatorze Juillet in 1798 and Vétéran in 1802. Unlike the main sequence, construction proceeded slowly. By 1816 the 24-pounders aboard these two ships had been replaced by 18-pounders, and no further ships to this variant design were produced, so indicating that it was not judged successful.
Builder: Brest shipyard Begun: November 1794 Launched: 18 July 1803 Completed: December 1803 Fate: Condemned, 1833.
Builder: Brest shipyard Begun: August 1793 Launched: 24 September 1803 Completed: December 1803 Fate: Condemned, 1818. Short Variant (Suffren group – 2 ships launched)Two ships were begun in 1801 to a variation of the standard Téméraire design by Sané to meet the demands of Pierre-Alexandre Forfait. The length of these ships were reduced by 65 cm from the standard design. A third ship to this variant design begun at Brest was cancelled in 1804. After Forfait left the Ministry of the Marine in October 1801, no further vessels were ordered to this variant design.
Builder: Lorient shipyard Begun: August 1801 Launched: 17 September 1803 Completed: October 1803 Fate: Condemned, 1815.
Builder: Lorient shipyard Begun: August 1801 Launched: 8 July 1804 Completed: September 1804 Fate: Captured by the British at Trafalgar in 1805, but retaken. Captured by Spain at Cadiz, June 1808.
Builder: Brest shipyard Begun: May 1801 Launched: Never launched Completed: - Fate: Cancelled, February 1804. Small Variant (Pluton group – 24 ships launched)Starting with the prototypes Pluton and Borée in 1803, a smaller version of the Téméraire class, officially named petit modèle, was designed by Jacques-Noël Sané to be produced in shipyards having a lesser depth of water than the principal French shipyards, primarily those in neighbouring states under French control and in foreign ports which had been absorbed into the French Empire such as Antwerp. The revised design measured 177 feet 7 inches on the waterline, 180 feet 1 inch on the deck, and 46 feet 11 inches moulded breadth. The depth of hull was 9 inches less than that in the "regular" Téméraire design.
Builder: Toulon shipyard Ordered: June 1803 Laid down: August 1803 Launched: 17 January 1805 Completed: March 1805. Fate: Captured by the Spanish at Cadiz in June 1808.
Builder: Toulon shipyard Ordered: June 1803 Laid down: August 1803 Launched: 27 June 1805 Completed: August 1805 Fate: Condemned at Toulon in 1827.
Builder: Genoa shipyard Ordered: Laid down: July 1803 Launched: 17 August 1805 Completed: November 1805 Fate: Condemned at Rochefort in August 1821, and broken up there by October 1821.
Builder: Flushing shipyard Ordered: Launched: Fate: Captured on the stocks after the fall of Flushing during the Walcheren Campaign in 1809. Frames taken to England, where she was assembled and launched as {{HMS|Chatham|1812|6}} in 1812.
Builder: Antwerp shipyard Ordered: Laid down: November 1803 Launched: 9 April 1807 Completed: March 1808 Fate: Condemned at Brest in February 1819, and broken up there in December 1819.
Builder: Antwerp shipyard Ordered: Laid down: April 1804 Launched: 8 April 1807 Completed: March 1808 Fate: Ceded to the new Dutch Navy, 1 August 1814, renamed Nassau.
Builder: Antwerp shipyard Ordered: Laid down: June 1804 Launched: 7 June 1807 Completed: March 1808 Fate: Condemned at Brest in February 1819 and broken up there in December 1819.
Builder: Antwerp shipyard Ordered: Laid down: July 1804 Launched: 20 June 1807 Completed: March 1808 Fate: Condemned at Lorient in June 1818, and broken up there in January 1820.
Builder: Antwerp shipyard Ordered: Launched: 1807 Fate:
Builder: Antwerp shipyard Ordered: Launched: 1807 Fate: Condemned 1819, hulked.
Builder: Antwerp shipyard Ordered: Launched: 1807 Fate:
Builder: Antwerp shipyard Ordered: Launched: 1807 Fate: Struck, 1815.
Builder: Antwerp shipyard Ordered: Begun: April 1807 Launched: 2 October 1808 Completed: April 1809 Fate: Struck, 1814.
Builder: Genoa shipyard Ordered: January 1806 Launched: 3 May 1808 Completed: August 1808 Fate: Struck, 1836.
Builder: Antwerp shipyard Ordered: Begun: August 1806 Launched: 21 August 1808 Completed: April 1809 Fate: Struck, 1819.
Builder: Venice shipyard Ordered: Launched: 6 September 1810 Fate: Captured by {{HMS|Victorious|1808|6}} in the Action of 22 February 1812. Served as HMS Rivoli until broken up in 1819.
Builder: Venice shipyard Ordered: Launched: not launched Fate:
Builder: Venice shipyard Ordered: Launched: 1811 Fate: Struck, 1814.
Builder: Venice shipyard Ordered: Launched: 1811 Fate: Struck, 1814.
Builder: Amsterdam shipyard Ordered: Launched: 1815 Fate: Abandoned in 1813, completed by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Builder: Venice shipyard Ordered: Launched: 1812 Fate: Struck, 1814.
Builder: Amsterdam shipyard Ordered: Launched: July 1817 Fate: Abandoned in 1813, completed by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Builder: Venice shipyard Ordered: Launched: 1812 Fate: Struck, 1814.
Builder: Amsterdam shipyard Ordered: Launched: 1817 Fate: Abandoned in 1813, completed by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Builder: Rotterdam shipyard Ordered: Launched: 1817 Fate: Abandoned in 1813, completed by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Builder: Venice shipyard Ordered: Launched: 1815 Fate: Completed by Lombardy–Venetia.
Builder: Venice shipyard Ordered: Launched: not launched Fate: Cancelled.
Builder: Venice shipyard Ordered: Launched: not launched Fate: Cancelled.
Builder: Venice shipyard Ordered: Launched: not launched Fate: Cancelled.
Builder: Trieste shipyard Ordered: December 1811 Launched: not launched Fate: Cancelled, 1812. See also
Notes, citations, and referencesNotes1. ^{{Cite book|title=British Warships in the Age of Sail, 1793-1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates|last=Winfield|first=Rif|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1844157174|location=|pages=|page=69}} 2. ^{{Cite book|title=French Warships in the Age of Sail, 1786-1861: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates|last=Winfield|first=Rif|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|year=2015|isbn=978-184832-2042|location=|pages=|page=87}} 3. ^Roche, vol.1, p.432 4. ^Roche, vol.1, p.56 5. ^Roche, vol.1, p.426 6. ^Roche, vol.1, p.222-223 7. ^Roche, vol.1, p.122 8. ^Roche, vol.1, p.198 9. ^Roche, vol.1, p.212 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Note: The French Ponton can mean a floating walkway, dock, barge, or ship used for storage, accommodation, or even as a prison hulk. 11. ^Roche, vol.1, p.343 12. ^Roche, vol.1, p.122 13. ^Roche, vol.1, p.290 14. ^Roche, vol.1, p.79 15. ^Roche, vol.1, p.336 16. ^Roche, vol.1, p.278 17. ^Roche, vol.1, p.176 18. ^Roche, vol.1, p.251-252 19. ^Roche, vol.1, p.44 20. ^Roche, vol.1, p.38 21. ^Roche, vol.1, p.161 22. ^Roche, vol.1, p.45 23. ^Roche, vol.1, p.408 24. ^Roche, vol.1, p.435 25. ^Roche, vol.1, p.29 Citations{{Reflist|30em}}References
External links{{Commons category|Téméraire class ships of the line}}
4 : Ships of the line of the French Navy|74-gun ship of the line classes|Ship of the line classes from France|Téméraire-class ships of the line |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。