| 词条 | Ulmus 'Exoniensis' | ||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Ulmus 'Exoniensis' | cultivar = 'Exoniensis' | genus = Ulmus | image = Ulmus glabra Exoniensis 030904 amsterdam brink.jpg | image_caption = Exeter Elm in Amsterdam | origin = Exeter, England }} Ulmus 'Exoniensis', the 'Exeter Elm', was discovered near Exeter, England, in 1826, and propagated by the Ford & Please nursery in that city.[1][2][3][4] [5] Traditionally believed to be a cultivar of the Wych Elm U. glabra, its fastigiate shape when young, upward-curving tracery, small samarae and leaves, late leaf-flush and late leaf-fall, taken with its south-west England provenance, suggest a link with the Cornish Elm, which shares these characteristics. DescriptionThe tree initially has an upright, columnar form,[6] but later develops a large rounded crown and occasionally reaches 17 m in height. Older specimens may develop pendulous branches.[7] Exeter Elm is chiefly distinguished by its contorted leaves, < 11 cm long by 8 cm broad, rounder than the type [wych] and with more laciniate margins,[8] which occasionally wrap around the branchlets and remain thus well into winter.[9] 'Exoniensis' is often pollarded to produce a denser, fan-shaped crown (see main picture). Pests and diseasesChevalier noted (1942) that Ulmus montana fastigiata (Exeter Elm) was one of four European cultivars found by researchers in The Netherlands to have significant resistance to the earlier strain of Dutch elm disease prevalent in the 1920s and '30s, the others being 'Monumentalis' Rinz, 'Berardii' and 'Vegeta'. The four were rated less resistant than U. foliacea clone 23, from Spain, later cultivated as 'Christine Buisman'.[10] 'Exoniensis' possesses a moderate resistance to the more virulent strain of Dutch elm disease, and consequently often featured in the Dutch elm breeding programme in association with the Field Elm (U. minor) and Himalayan Elm (U. wallichiana).[11]CultivationOnce commonly planted in the UK and parts of western Europe, 'Exoniensis' is also known to have been marketed in Poland in the 19th century by the Ulrich nursery,[12] Warsaw, and remains in commerce there. The Späth nursery of Berlin cultivated the tree as U. montana fastigiata (U. exoniensis Hort.) from the early 20th century.[13] It is possible that three trees supplied by the Späth nursery to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1902 as U. montana fastigiata[14] were Exeter Elm,[13] old specimens of which survive in Edinburgh (it was the practice of the Garden to distribute trees about the city).[15] In Sweden 'Exoniensis' is sometimes pruned from an early age to form a tidy cone-shaped tree called locally 'pyramidalm' (: pyramid elm - also one of Späth's names for 'Exoniensis').[16][17][18] It is found in Australia at the Ballarat Botanical Gardens where it is listed on the Significant Tree Register of the National Trust. An Ulmus plumosa (a synonym of 'Exoniensis' in continental Europe[19]), of "elegant and pyramidal shape" and "dark green foliage", appeared in the 1902 catalogue of the Bobbink and Atkins nursery, Rutherford, New Jersey.[20] Notable treesBean (1936) noted a large old specimen, 12 feet in girth, in the garden of the Old Vicarage, Bitton, Gloucestershire.[21] A 180-year-old specimen in Hamburg has attained a height of 28 m and a trunk diameter of 1.45 m.[22] The UK TROBI Champion tree is in Scotland, at Baxter Gardens, Dundee, measuring 15 m high by 103 cm d.b.h. in 2004.[23] The cultivar is represented in Éire by a tree at Birr Castle (Mount Palmer), County Offaly, with a d.b.h. of 29 cm when measured in 2002. Hybrid cultivars'Clusius', 'Columella', 'Dodoens', 'Lobel', 'Plantyn', 'Nanguen' = {{tdes|Lutèce|caps}}™, 'Wanoux' = {{tdes|Vada|caps}}™. The cultivar 'Columella' features the same rough, rounded, contorted leaves, the result of a recessive gene inherited from the Exeter Elm. 'Exoniensis' also indirectly featured in the Italian elm breeding programme as an ancestor of 'Plantyn', which was crossed with clones of the Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila to produce the cultivars 'Arno', 'Plinio', and 'San Zanobi'.[24][25] Synonymy
Accessions
References1. ^Bean, W. J. (1981). Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition. Murray, London 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Elwes|first1=Henry John|authorlink1=Henry John Elwes|last2=Henry|first2=Augustine|authorlink2=Augustine Henry|date=1913|title=The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland|volume=7|page=1866|url=https://archive.org/stream/treesofgreatbrit07elweuoft#page/1866/mode/2up}} 3. ^Richens, R. H. (1983). Elm. Cambridge University Press. 4. ^White, J. & More, D. (2003). Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Cassell's, London. 5. ^Harvey, J. (1974). Early Nurserymen. p.104. Phillimore & Co. Ltd. 1975. {{ISBN|978-0850331929}} 6. ^Photograph of fastigiate form of young Exeter elm 7. ^Wilkinson, Gerald, Epitaph for the Elm (London 1978), p.62 8. ^Bean, W. J. (1936) Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition, Murray, London, vol. 2, p.617 9. ^Photograph of 'Exoniensis' leaves in early summer 10. ^{{cite journal |date=1942 |title=Les Ormes de France|journal= Revue de botanique appliquée et d'agriculture coloniale|volume=22|number=254|pages=441|url=http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/jatba_0370-3681_1942_num_22_254_1721.pdf}} 11. ^{{cite book|last1=Heybroek|first1=H.M.|editor1-last=Sticklen|editor1-first=Mariam B.|editor2-last=Sherald|editor2-first=James L.|title=Dutch Elm Disease Research|date=1993|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=New York, USA|pages=16–25|accessdate=26 October 2017|chapter=The Dutch Elm Breeding Program|chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=avvxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=978-1-4615-6874-2}} 12. ^Ulrich, C. (1894), Katalog Drzew i Krezewow, C. Ulrich, Rok 1893–94, Warszawa 13. ^1 {{cite book |date=1902–1903|title=Katalog |publisher=L. Späth Baumschulenweg|location=Berlin, Germany|volume=108|pages=132-133 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L._Sp%C3%A4th_Baumschulenweg_Katalog_1903_pages_131-133.pdf}} 14. ^{{cite book |date=1902|title=Accessions book|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|pages=45,47 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh._(1902)._Accessions_book_pages_45,47.jpg}} 15. ^{{cite book |date=1902|title=Accessions book|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|pages=45,47 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh._(1902)._Accessions_book_pages_45,47.jpg}} 16. ^Photographs of 'Pyramidalm' and unpruned 'Exoniensis' in Sweden, www.tradgardsakademin.se 17. ^{{cite journal|last1=Lagerstedt|first1=Lars|title=Märkesträd i Sverige - 10 Almar|journal=Lustgården|date=2014|volume=94|pages=63,73|url=http://www.dendrologerna.se/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Lustgarden-2014.pdf#page=54|accessdate=15 May 2018|trans-title=Notable trees in Sweden - 10 Elms}} 18. ^Lars Lagerstedt, Pyramid Elm in Lustgarden, 2013, p.40 19. ^{{cite book |title= Beredeneerd woordenboek der voornaamste heesters en coniferen, in Nederland gekweekt|date=1867|last=De Vos|first =C.|location=Groningen|publisher=J. B. Wolters|pages=135 |url=https://archive.org/stream/beredeneerdwoord1867vosc#page/135/mode/2up}} 20. ^{{cite book |date=1902 |title=Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford. N.J.|pages=51|url=https://archive.org/stream/CAT31285383#page/51/mode/2up}} 21. ^Bean, W. J. (1936) Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition, Murray, London, vol. 2, p.617 22. ^U. glabra 'Exoniensis', the "Planten un Blomen", Hamburg: from the Handbuch der Ulmengewächse, 23. ^Johnson, O. (2011). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland, p. 169. Kew Publishing, Kew, London. {{ISBN|9781842464526}}. 24. ^Santini A., Fagnani A., Ferrini F. & Mittempergher L., (2002) 'San Zanobi' and 'Plinio' elm trees. HortScience 37(7): 1139–1141. 2002. American Society for Horticultural Science, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA. 25. ^Santini A., Fagnani A., Ferrini F., Mittempergher L., Brunetti M., Crivellaro A., Macchioni N., Elm breeding for DED resistance, the Italian clones and their wood properties. Invest Agrar: Sist. Recur. For. (2004) 13 (1), 179–184. 2004 26. ^{{cite book |title= Beredeneerd woordenboek der voornaamste heesters en coniferen, in Nederland gekweekt|date=1867|last=De Vos|first =C.|location=Groningen|publisher=J. B. Wolters|pages=136 |url=https://archive.org/stream/beredeneerdwoord1867vosc#page/136/mode/2up}} 27. ^{{cite web|title=List of plants in the {elm} collection|publisher=Brighton & Hove City Council|access-date=23 September 2016|url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/list-plants-collection}} External links
3 : Unconfirmed derivation elm cultivar|Ulmus articles with images|Ulmus |
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