“Ulmus 'Nanguen' = Lutece”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Ulmus 'Nanguen' (selling name {{tdes|Lutèce|caps}}) is a complex fourth generation hybrid cultivar from the cross 'Plantyn' × ('Bea Schwarz' selfed), an ancestry comprising four field elms (U. minor), a wych elm (U. glabra), the curious Exeter Elm ('Exoniensis'), and a frost-resistant selection of the Himalayan elm (U. wallichiana).

Originally identified as clone 812, {{tdes|Lutèce|caps}} was not promoted by the Dutch owing to unfounded fears that it may prove susceptible to coral spot fungus (Nectria cinnabarina). Instead, '812' was acquired by the French Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), which subjected the tree to 20 years of field trials in the Bois de Vincennes, Paris, before patenting and release in 2002 as 'Nanguen' = {{tdes|Lutèce|caps}}.^[1]^[2]

Description

The stem of {{tdes|Lutèce|caps}} typically forks at a height of 1–2 m, where 3–5 steeply ascending branches develop in conjunction with more obtusely angled lower side branches to form an amorphous open crown. The ultimate size and shape of this cultivar remain unknown but, given its ancestry, it should make a large tree.^[3] The trees planted in the Bois de Vincennes attained an average height of 12.5 m with a trunk diameter of 22 cm at 20 years of age.^[4]

Quick growing on moist, well-drained soils, increasing in height by an average of 80 cm per annum, the tree commences flowering in late March when aged seven years. The leaves are elliptic to orbicular < 11 cm long × 9 cm wide, the acuminate apex far less pronounced than in most other elms, with coarse, doubly serrate margins; the upper surface is rough. The leaves flush relatively late, rarely before mid-May in England. The samarae are obovate, slightly notched at the outer end, 14–22 mm long by 11–17 mm broad. The seed is not central but slightly nearer the notch, and ripens in late May.

Pests and diseases

The presence of U. wallichiana in the ancestry of {{tdes|Lutèce|caps}} poses the risk of susceptibility to elm yellows (phloem necrosis), which seriously damaged its Dutch stablemate 'Lobel' used as a control in the Italian elm breeding programme.^[8]

Cultivation

The cultivar is now being widely planted in cities, notably Paris, and rural areas of France.^[9] In trials in southern England, the tree has proven very hardy, tolerant of sea winds, summer droughts, and ground waterlogged during winter. However, top-growth can often outpace root development, leaving some trees susceptible to wind-rock when young and necessitating staking for up to six years. {{tdes|Lutèce|caps}} is cold hardy, and has survived winter temperatures as low as - 30° C at Julita in Sweden.

Increasing {{tdes|Lutèce|caps}} by softwood cuttings is relatively straightforward, however these lose their viability as the trees mature, and French nurseries now resort to grafting onto 'Sapporo Autumn Gold' rootstocks. As the latter does not sucker from roots, there cannot be natural vegetative regeneration ^[11]

Hybridization

Conservation role

Over 5000 {{tdes|Lutèce|caps}} were planted on the Isle of Wight by Natural Enterprise, and in smaller numbers in Hampshire by Butterfly Conservation and the Forestry Commission, in the hope the tree would host the white-letter hairstreak butterfly (Satyrium w-album), a monophagic species which remains in serious decline as a consequence of Dutch elm disease. This was confirmed in 2015 with the discovery of the butterfly breeding on specimens planted in 2003 at Towngate, Newport, Isle of Wight (see photos 3 and 4 in Gallery).^[12]

Etymology

The selling name {{tdes|Lutèce|caps}} is the French derivation of Lutetia, the ancient Roman name for the settlement which later became Paris. The name was adopted in recognition of the trials of the cultivar conducted by INRA in the Bois de Vincennes.

Accessions

Europe

North America

Nurseries

References

1. ^SAPHO. Ulmus 'Nanguen' = {{tdes|Lutèce|caps}}, , La Menitre, France.
2. ^Department of Forest Health, Forest Health in France 2002 , Paris, France.
3. ^Johnson, H. (2010). Trees. London: Mitchell Beazley. {{ISBN|9781845330552}}
4. ^¹{{cite journal|last1=Pinon|first1=J.|title=Les ormes résistants à la graphiose|trans-title=Elms resistant to Dutch Elm Disease|journal=Forêt-entreprise|date=July 2007|issue=175|pages=37–41|url=http://www.foretpriveefrancaise.com/data/127219_p_1.pdf|accessdate=26 October 2017|publisher=IDF|location=Paris, France|issn=0752-5974}}
5. ^Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. {{ISBN|9789050112819}}
6. ^Pinon, J., Lohou, C. & Cadic, A. (1998). Hybrid Elms (Ulmus Spp.): Adaptability in Paris and behaviour towards Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma novo-ulmi). Acta Horticulturae 496, 107-114, 1998.
7. ^Santini, A, et al. (2002). 'San Zanobi' and 'Plinio' Elm trees. HortScience 37(7): 1139–1141, 2002.
8. ^Mittempergher, L., (2000). Elm Yellows in Europe. In: The Elms, Conservation and Disease Management. 103–119. Dunn C.P., ed. Kluwer Academic Press Publishers, Boston, USA.
9. ^Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Lutèce, a resistant variety brings elms back to Paris , Paris, France.
10. ^Brookes, A. H. (2019). Disease-resistant elms, Butterfly Conservation trials, 8th report, 2019 Butterfly Conservation, Hants & IoW Branch, England.
11. ^¹Brookes, A. H. (2017). Great Fontley Elm Trial, 2017 Report. Butterfly Conservation, Lulworth, England.
12. ^Brookes, A. H. (2016). Disease-resistant elms, Butterfly Conservation trials report, 2016 Butterfly Conservation, Hants & IoW Branch, England.
13. ^{{cite web|title=List of plants in the {elm} collection|publisher=Brighton & Hove City Council|access-date=23 September 2016|url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/list-plants-collection}}
14. ^What is SAPHO?

Pictures

Photographs of the Isle of Wight's Island 2000 Trust planting Lutece elms can be seen at the Flickr website here at [https://www.flickr.com/photos/island2000conservation/704726168/] and [https://www.flickr.com/photos/island2000conservation/704726190/].