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词条 Ulmus pumila
释义

  1. Description

  2. Pests and diseases

  3. Cultivation and uses

     Food 

  4. Invasiveness and spontaneous hybridization

  5. Varieties

  6. Cultivars

  7. Hybrid cultivars

  8. Notable trees

  9. Accessions

  10. References

  11. External links

{{Italic title}}{{Speciesbox
| image = Image-Ulmus pumila (Ulmus gobicus) in Gobi Desert.jpg
| image_caption = Siberian elms in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia[1]
| genus = Ulmus
| species = pumila
| authority = L.
| synonyms =
  • Ulmus campestris var. pumila Ledeb.
  • Ulmus campestris L. var. pumila (L.) Maxim.
  • Ulmus gobicus Anon.
  • Ulmus humilis Amman ex Steud.
  • Ulmus manshurica Nakai
  • Ulmus microphylla Persoon
  • Ulmus pumila var. genuina Skvort.
  • Ulmus pumila var. microphylla Persoon
  • Ulmus pumila var. transbaicalensis Pallas

}}Ulmus pumila, the Siberian elm, is a tree native to Central Asia, eastern Siberia, the Russian Far East, Mongolia, Tibet, northern China, India (northern Kashmir) and Korea.[2][3][4] It is also known as the Asiatic elm and dwarf elm, but sometimes miscalled the 'Chinese Elm' (Ulmus parvifolia). It is the last tree species encountered in the semi-desert regions of central Asia.[5] Described by Pallas in the 18th century from specimens from Transbaikal, Ulmus pumila has been widely cultivated throughout Asia, North America, Argentina, and southern Europe, becoming naturalized in many places, notably across much of the United States.[6][7]

Description

The Siberian elm is usually a small to medium-sized, often bushy, tree growing to {{convert|10|-|20|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} tall, with a trunk up to {{convert|176|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} d.b.h. The leaves are deciduous in cold areas, but semi-evergreen in warmer climates, less than {{convert|7|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} broad, with an oblique base and a coarsely serrated margin, the colour changing from dark green to yellow in autumn.

The perfect, apetalous wind-pollinated flowers bloom for one week in early spring, before the leaves emerge, in tight fascicles (bundles) on last year's branchlets.[3][8] However, the flowers, emerging in early February, are often damaged by frost, consequently the species was dropped from the Dutch elm breeding programme.[9] Each flower is about {{convert|3|mm|in|frac=32|abbr=on}} across and has a green calyx with 4–5 lobes, 4–8 stamens with brownish-red anthers,[10] and a green pistil with a two-lobed style.[8][11] Unlike most elms, the Siberian elm is able to self-pollinate successfully.[12]

The wind-dispersed fruit develops in a tan-colored flat, oval samara (seed with a membraneous wing around it) {{convert|1|-|2|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|1|-|1.5|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} wide, notched at the outer end.[3][13][14][15] The tree also suckers readily from its roots.[16]

The tree is short-lived in temperate climates, rarely reaching more than 60 years of age, but in its native environment may live to between 100 and 150 years.[17][18] A giant specimen, {{convert|45|km|mi}} southeast of Khanbogt in the south Gobi, with a girth of 5.55 m in 2009 may exceed 250 years (based on average annual ring widths of other U. pumila in the area).{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Pests and diseases

The tree has considerable variability in resistance to Dutch elm disease; for example, trees from north-western and north-eastern China exhibit significantly higher tolerance than those from central and southern China.[19][20] Moreover, it is highly susceptible to damage from many insects and parasites, including the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola,[21] the Asian 'zigzag' sawfly Aproceros leucopoda, [22] Elm Yellows,[23] powdery mildew, cankers,[27] aphids, leaf spot and, in the Netherlands, coral spot fungus Nectria cinnabarina.[24] However, U. pumila is the most resistant of all the elms to verticillium wilt.[25]

Cultivation and uses

U. pumila was introduced into Spain as an ornamental, probably during the reign of Philip II (1556–98),[26] and from the 1930s into Italy.[27] In these countries it has naturally hybridized with the Field Elm U. minor (see below). In Italy it was widely used in viniculture, notably in the Po valley, to support the grape vines until the 1950s, when the demands of mechanization made it unsuitable.

Three specimens were supplied by the Späth nursery of Berlin to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1902 as U. pumila,[28] in addition to specimens of the narrow-leaved U. pumila cultivar 'Pinnato-ramosa' (see 'Cultivars' below).[29] One was planted in RBGE; the two not planted in the Garden may survive in Edinburgh, as it was the practice of the Garden to distribute trees about the city.[29] Kew Gardens obtained specimens of U. pumila from the Arnold Arboretum in 1908 and, as U. pekinensis, via the Veitch Nurseries in 1910 from William Purdom in northern China.[30] A specimen obtained from Späth and planted in 1914 stood in the Ryston Hall arboretum, Norfolk,[31] in the early 20th century.[32] The popularity of U. pumila in the Great Britain has been almost exclusively as a bonsai subject, and mature trees are largely restricted to arboreta.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

Introduced to the United States in 1905 by Prof. J. G. Jack,[33] and later by Meyer, the tree was initially cultivated at the USDA Experimental Station at Mandan, North Dakota, where it flourished.[34] It was consequently selected by the USDA for planting in shelter belts across the prairies in the aftermath of the Dustbowl disasters, where its rapid growth and tolerance for drought and cold initially made it a great success. However, the species later proved susceptible to numerous maladies. Attempts to find a more suitable cultivar were initiated in 1997 by the Plant Materials Center of the USDA, which established experimental plantations at Akron, Colorado, and Sidney, Nebraska. The study, no. 201041K, will conclude in 2020.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

The seeds lose their viability rapidly after maturity unless placed on suitable germination conditions or dried and placed at low temperatures.[35] The species has a high sunlight requirement and is not shade-tolerant; with adequate light it exhibits rapid growth. The tree is also fairly intolerant of wet ground conditions, growing better on well-drained soils. While it is very resistant to drought and severe cold, and able to grow on poor soils, its short period of dormancy, flowering early in spring followed by continuous growth until the first frosts of autumn,[36] renders it vulnerable to frost damage.

As an ornamental U. pumila is a very poor tree, tending to be short-lived, with brittle wood and poor crown shape, but it has nevertheless enjoyed some popularity owing to its rapid growth and provision of shade. The Siberian Elm has been described as "one of the world's worst... ornamental trees that does not deserve to be planted anywhere".[37] Yet in the US during the 1950s, the tree was also widely promoted as a fast-growing hedging substitute for privet, and as a consequence is now commonly found in nearly all states.[34] A better cultivar, the Turkestan Elm, that is seen more often in gardens, and referred to as the 'wonder hedge' (Ulmus pumila celer), being both dense and fast-growing, taking as little as two years to reach fence height.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

Food

The unripe seeds have long been eaten by the peoples of Manchuria, and during the Great Chinese Famine they also became one of the most important foodstuffs in the Harbin region. The leaves were also gathered, to the detriment of the trees, prompting a prohibition order by the authorities, which was largely ignored. The leaves eaten raw are not very palatable, but stewed and prepared with Kaoliang or Foxtail millet make a better tasting and more filling meal.[38]

Invasiveness and spontaneous hybridization

In North America, Ulmus pumila has become an invasive species in much of the region from central Mexico [39] northward across the eastern and central United States to Ontario, Canada.[40] It also hybridizes in the wild with the native U. rubra (Slippery Elm) in the central United States, prompting conservation concerns for the latter species.[41][42] In South America, the tree has spread across much of the Argentinian pampas[43][44]

In Europe it has spread widely in Spain, and hybridizes extensively there with the native field elm (U. minor), contributing to conservation concerns for the latter species.[26][45] Research is ongoing into the extent of hybridisation with U. minor in Italy.[46]

Ulmus pumila is often found in abundance along railroads and in abandoned lots and on disturbed ground. The gravel along railroad beds provides ideal conditions for its growth: well-drained, nutrient poor soil, and high light conditions; these beds provide corridors which facilitate its spread. Owing to its high sunlight requirements, it seldom invades mature forests, and is primarily a problem in cities and open areas,[47][48] as well as along transportation corridors.

The species is now listed in Japan as an alien species recognized as established in Japan or found in the Japanese wild.[49]

Varieties

Two varieties were traditionally recognized: var. pumila and var. arborea, the latter now treated as a cultivar, U. pumila 'Pinnato-ramosa'.

Cultivars

Valued for the high resistance of some clones to Dutch elm disease, over a dozen selections have been made to produce hardy ornamental cultivars, although several may no longer be in cultivation:

{{#section:List of elm cultivars, hybrids and hybrid cultivars|Ulmus_pumila_cultivars}}

Hybrid cultivars

  • U. 'Androssowii', Ulmus × arbuscula, U. 'Karagatch'

The species has been widely hybridized in the United States and Italy to create robust trees of more native appearance with high levels of resistance to Dutch elm disease:

  • Arno, Cathedral, Coolshade, Fiorente, Homestead, Lincoln, Morton Plainsman = {{tdes|Vanguard|caps}}, Morton Stalwart = {{tdes|Commendation|caps}}, New Horizon, Plinio, Regal, Rosehill, San Zanobi, Urban, Willis, Dutch clone '260' (not released to commerce).

Notable trees

Roerich describes a specimen discovered on his travels through Mongolia:

We are in the deserts of Mongolia. It was hot and dusty yesterday. From faraway thunder was approaching. Some of our friends became tired from climbing the stony holy hills of Shiret Obo. While already returning to the camp, we noticed in the distance a huge elm tree – ‘karagatch’, - lonely, towering amidst the surrounding endless desert. The size of the tree, its somewhat familiar outlines attracted us into its shadow. Botanical considerations led us to believe that in the wide shade of the giant there might be some interesting herbs. Soon, all the co-workers gathered around the two mighty stems of the karagatch. The deep, deep shadow of the tree covered about 50 feet across. The powerful tree-stems were covered with fantastic burr growths. In the rich foliage, birds were singing and the beautiful branches were stretched out in all directions, as if wishing to give shelter to all pilgrims.

— de Roerich, G. (1931). Trails to Inmost Asia. Yale University Press

The US National Champion, measuring {{convert|33.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} high in 2011, grows in Berrien County, Michigan.[50][51] In the UK the TROBI Champions grow at Thorp Perrow Arboretum, Yorkshire, {{convert|19|m|ftin|abbr=on}} × {{convert|70|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} in 2004, and at St Ann's Well Gardens, Hove, Sussex {{convert|20|m|ftin|abbr=on}} × {{convert|60|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} in 2009.[52]

Accessions

North America
  • Arnold Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 17923, 638-79, 673-87.
  • Denver Botanic Gardens, US. Acc. no. 900534.
  • Dominium Arboretum, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. No acc. details available.
  • Holden Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 99-868, 72-218
  • Longwood Gardens, US. Acc. no. 1962-0512.
  • Morton Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 542-49, 325-70, 53-74, 172-U.
  • UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research, US. Acc. no. 027560-0284-1989.
Europe
  • Arboretum of Warsaw University of Life Sciences  , University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. 2 trees, no accession details available.
  • Brighton & Hove City Council, UK, NCCPG Elm Collection.[53]
  • Dubrava Arboretum, Lithuania. No details available.
  • Grange Farm Arboretum, Sutton St. James, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 521.
  • Great Fontley Elm Trial Plantation, Butterfly Conservation, Funtley, UK.[54] One sapling planted 2016, grown from seed of tree in Utah, US.
  • Hergest Croft Gardens, Kington, Herefordshire, UK. One tree, no accession details available.
  • Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, Salaspils, Latvia. Acc. nos. 18162,3,4.
  • Royal Botanic Gardens, Wakehurst Place, UK. Acc. no. 2000-4449.
  • Sir Harold Hillier Gardens. Acc. no. 2016.0386, grown from seed of tree in Utah, US.
  • Tallinn Botanic Garden, Estonia.  . No accession details available.
  • Thorp Perrow Arboretum, Yorkshire, UK. British Champion tree, 19  m high, 70 cm d.b.h. in 2004.
  • Westonbirt Arboretum [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012033321/http://forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-62qk8w], Tetbury, Glos., UK. Two trees planted 1981, no acc.details.
  • Wijdemeren City Council, Netherlands, Elm collection. U. pumila 'Puszta' planted Smeerdikgaarde, Kortenhoef 2013; Dammerweg, Nederhorst den Berg 2015.
Australasia
  • Alma Park, St Kilda, Victoria, Australia. One specimen, listed on the National Trust of Victoria's Significant Tree Register.
  • Eastwoodhill Arboretum [https://web.archive.org/web/20080311122431/http://www.eastwoodhill.org.nz/gardens--collection/collection.aspx?Type=&G=Ulmus], Gisborne, New Zealand. 2 trees, details not known.

References

{{Commons|Ulmus pumila}}
1. ^[https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p05539033?listIndex=145&listCount=547 Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris; herbarium specimen P06883116, labelled Ulmus, Mongolia]
2. ^Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, US.  
3. ^1 2 {{eFloras|2|200006332|Ulmus pumila |family=Ulmaceae |first1=Liguo |last1=Fu |first2=Yiqun |last2=Xin |first3=Alan |last3=Whittemore}}
4. ^{{GRIN|id=40851|name=Ulmus pumila|accessdate=8 September 2016}}
5. ^{{cite journal|first1=A.|last1=Solla|first2=J. A.|last2=Martín|first3=P.|last3=Corral|first4=L.|last4=Gil|date=2005|journal=New Phytologist|title=Seasonal changes in wood formation of Ulmus pumila and U. minor and its relation with Dutch elm disease|volume=166|issue=3|pages=1025–1034|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01384.x|pmid=15869660}}
6. ^{{BONAP|ref|genus=Ulmus|species=pumila}}
7. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Hirsch | first1 = H. | last2 = Brunet | first2 = J. | last3 = Zalapa | first3 = J. | last4 = Von Wehrden | first4 = H. | last5 = Hartmann | first5 = M. | last6 = Kleindienst | first6 = C. | last7 = Schlautman | first7 = B. | last8 = Kosman | first8 = E. | last9 = Wesche | first9 = K. | last10 = Renison | first10 = D. | last11 = Hensen | first11 = I. | year = 2017 | title = Intra- and interspecific hybridization in invasive Siberian elm | url = | journal = Biol Invasions | volume = 19 | issue = 6| pages = 1889–1904 | doi=10.1007/s10530-017-1404-6}}
8. ^1 {{eFloras|1|200006332|Ulmus pumila |family=Ulmaceae |first=Susan L. |last=Sherman-Broyles}}
9. ^Went, J. (1954). The Dutch Elm Disease – Summary of fifteen years' hybridization and selection work (1937–1952). European Journal of Plant Pathology. 02(1954); 60(2): 109–1276.
10. ^{{Illinois Wildflowers |trees|plants|sb_elm|Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila)}}
11. ^{{eFloras|1|134116|Ulmus |family=Ulmaceae |first=Susan L. |last=Sherman-Broyles}}
12. ^{{cite journal|author=Townsend, A. M.|year=1975 |title=Crossability patterns and morphological variation among elm species and hybrids|publisher=Sylvae Genetica|volume=24|issue=1|pages=18–23}}
13. ^Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2004 Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-1-108-06938-0}}
14. ^{{cite book|author=Rushforth, K|year=1999|title=Trees|publisher=Collins}}
15. ^{{cite book|author=Huxley, A.|year=1992|title=The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening|publisher=Macmillan}}
16. ^Grbić, M., Skočajić, D., Đukić, M., Đunisijević-Bojović, D., Marković, M. (2015). 'Mass clonal propagation of elm as a way for replacement of endangered autochthonous species'.  p.62. Proceedings, International Conference Reforestation Challenges, 3–6 June 2015, Belgrade, Serbia.
17. ^ 
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.picsearch.com/imageDetail.cgi?id=icdtftmr0ZqPIpekvXObHiYqpqVcAOfXIT6vkvi-Mrg&width=1240&start=121&q=Ulmus|title=Pictures|publisher=}}
19. ^{{cite journal|author1=Smalley, E. |author2=Guries, R. P. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1993|title=Breeding elms for resistance to Dutch elm disease|publisher=Annual Review of Phytopathology|volume=31|pages=25–352}}
20. ^{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1139/G08-034|pmid = 18545273|title = Genetic diversity and relationships among Dutch elm disease tolerant Ulmus pumila L. Accessions from China|journal = Genome|volume = 51|issue = 7|pages = 492–500|year = 2008|last1 = Zalapa|first1 = Juan E.|last2 = Brunet|first2 = Johanne|last3 = Guries|first3 = Raymond P.}}
21. ^{{cite journal|author1=Miller, F. |author2=Ware, G. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2001|title= Resistance of Temperate Chinese Elms (Ulmuss spp.) to Feeding of the Adult Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)|journal=Journal of Economic Entomology|volume=94|issue=1|pages=162–166|doi=10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.162}}
22. ^{{cite journal|last1=Blank|first1=S|last2=Kohler|first2=T|last3=Pfannenstill|first3=T|last4=Liston|first4=A|journal=Journal of Hymenoptera Research|title=Zig-zagging across Central Europe: recent range extension, dispersal speed and larval hosts of Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera, Argidae) in Germany |volume=41|pages=57–74|date=2013|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269873607|doi=10.3897/JHR.41.8681}}
23. ^{{cite journal|last1=Mittempergher|first1=L|last2=Santini|first2=A|journal=Investigacion Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales|title=The history of elm breeding|volume=13|issue=1|pages=161–177|date=2004|url=http://www.inia.es/gcontrec/Pub/161-177-(14)-The_history_1161943529015.pdf}}
24. ^{{cite journal|last=Heybroek|first=Hans M.|journal=Silvae Genetica|title=Elm breeding in the Netherlands|date=1957|volume=6|issue=3–4|pages=112–117|url=http://edepot.wur.nl/392159}}
25. ^{{cite book|author1=Pegg, G. F. |author2=Brady, B. L. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2002|title=Verticillium Wilts|publisher=CABI Publishing|isbn=978-0-85199-529-8}}
26. ^1 {{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v85/n2/abs/6887400a.html|title=Identification of native and hybrid elms in Spain using isozyme gene markers|first1=Miguel Ángel|last1=Cogolludo-Agustín|first2=Dolores|last2=Agúndez|first3=Luis|last3=Gil|date=1 August 2000|journal=Heredity|volume=85|issue=2|pages=157–166|via=www.nature.com|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00740.x}}
27. ^{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s10530-013-0486-z | volume=15 |issue = 12| title=Hybridization and introgression between the exotic Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila, and the native Field elm, U. minor, in Italy | journal=Biological Invasions | pages=2717–2730 | year=2013 | last1 = Brunet | first1 = Johanne}}
28. ^  U. pumila herbarium leaf-specimens, RBGE 1902: elmer.rbge.org
29. ^1 {{cite book |date=1902|title=Accessions book|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|pages=45, 47 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh._(1902)._Accessions_book_pages_45,47.jpg}}
30. ^Elwes and Henry (1913), p.1927
31. ^rystonhall.co.uk/
32. ^{{cite book| title=Ryston Hall Arboretum catalogue |date=c. 1920 |pages=13–14|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ryston_Hall_Arboretum_Catalogue_c._1920_pages_13,14.jpg}}
33. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Leopold|first=D. J.|journal=Journal of Arboriculture|title=Chinese and Siberian elms|date=1980|volume=6|issue=7|pages=175–179|url=http://joa.isa-arbor.com/request.asp?JournalID=1&ArticleID=1664&Type=2}}
34. ^1 Klingaman, G. (1999). Plant of the Week: Siberian Elm. Extension News, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture.
35. ^Hirsch, H., Wypior, C., Wehrden, H., Wesche, K., Renison, D, and Hensen, I. (2012). Germination performance of native and non-native Ulmus pumila populations. Neobiota 15, 53–68. 14 Dec. 2012.
36. ^{{cite book|author=Geng, M. A.|year=1989|title=A provenance test with elm (Ulmus pumila L.) in China|publisher=Silvae Genetica|volume=32|issue=2|pages=37–44}}
37. ^{{cite journal|author=Dirr, M.|year=1975|title=Manual of Woody Landscape Plants|publisher=Stipes Publishing LLC.|place=Champaign, Illinois}}
38. ^Baranov, A. L. (1962). On the economic use of wild plants in N. E. China. Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum, 15 (122), 1962, 107–115.
39. ^{{cite journal|author1=Todzia, C. A. |author2=Panero, J. L. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1998|title=A new species of Ulmus (Ulmaceae) from southern Mexico and a synopsis of the species in Mexico|journal=Brittonia |volume=50|issue=3|pages=343–347 |jstor= 2807778}}
40. ^McIlvain, E. H. & Armstrong, C. G. (1965). Siberian Elm: A Tough New Invader of Grasslands. Weeds, Vol. 13, No. 3 (July 1965), pp 278 – 279. Weed Science Society of America & Allen Press.
41. ^{{cite journal|author1=J. E. Zalapa |author2=J. Brunet |author3=R. P. Guries |title= Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for red elm (Ulmus rubra Muhl.) and cross-species amplification with Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.)|date=June 28, 2008|doi=10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01805.x|pmid=21585729|volume=8|issue=1|pages=109–12 |journal=Mol Ecol Resour}}
42. ^Elowsky, C. G., Jordon-Thaden, I. E., & Kaul, R. B. (2013). A morphological analysis of a hybrid swarm of native Ulmus rubra and introduced U. pumila (Ulmaceae) in southern Nebraska. Phytoneuron 2013-44: 1–23. {{ISSN|2153-733X}}.
43. ^Villamil, C. B., Zalba, S. M. Red de información sobre especies exóticas invasoras – I3N-Argentina Universidad Nacional del Sur Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
44. ^Hiersch, H., Hensen, I., Zalapa, J. Guries, R. & Brunet, J. (2013). Is hybridization a necessary condition for the evolution of invasiveness in non-native Siberian elm? Abstracts. Third International Elm Conference 2013. The elm after 100 years of Dutch elm disease. Florence, p45.
45. ^{{cite journal|title=Identification of native and hybrid elms in Spain using isozyme gene markers|first1=Miguel ángel|last1=Cogolludo-Agustín|first2=Dolores|last2=Agúndez|first3=Luis|last3=Gil|volume=85|issue=2|pages=157–166|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00740.x|year=2000|journal=Heredity}}
46. ^{{cite journal|title=Hybridization and introgression between the exotic Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila, and the native Field elm, U. minor, in Italy|first1=Johanne|last1=Brunet|first2=Juan E.|last2=Zalapa|first3=Francesco|last3=Pecori|first4=Alberto|last4=Santini|date=14 May 2013|journal=Biol Invasions|volume=15|issue=12|pages=2717–2730|doi=10.1007/s10530-013-0486-z}}
47. ^National Audubon Society (2002). Field Guide to North American Trees, Western Region, p. 419-420
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hear.org/pier/species/ulmus_pumila.htm|title=Ulmus pumila (PIER species info)|first=Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project (PIER)|last=(http://www.hear.org/pier/)|publisher=}}
49. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.airies.or.jp/publication/ger/pdf/08-02-08.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-03-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322025026/http://www.airies.or.jp/publication/ger/pdf/08-02-08.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-22 |df= }}
50. ^American Forests. (2012). The 2012 National Register of Big Trees.
51. ^americanforests.org
52. ^Johnson, O. (ed.). (2011). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. {{ISBN|978-1-84246-452-6}}
53. ^{{cite web|title=List of plants in the {elm} collection|publisher=Brighton & Hove City Council|access-date=23 September 2016|url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/list-plants-collection}}
54. ^Brookes, A. H. (2017). Great Fontley Elm Trial, 2017 Report. Butterfly Conservation, Lulworth, England.

External links

  • North Dakota State University: trees handbook, Siberian elm pages.
  • See pages 42, 43. Evaluation of the Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila), USDA.
  • Siberian Elm, Ulmus pumila Diagnostic photographs; specimen at Morton Arboretum
  • {{PLANTS |symbol=ULPU |name=Ulmus pumila}}
  • Notes on Elm in the Korqin Sandy Lands, Northeast China.
  • Ulmus pumila - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)
  • {{Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh |id=E00824809 }} Specimen from Harbin, Manchuria (1953)
{{Elm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivars |state=collapsed}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q1079824}}

12 : Ulmus|Invasive plant species in the United States|Garden plants of Asia|Ornamental trees|Plants described in 1753|Ulmus articles with images|Elm species and varieties|Flora of the Russian Far East|Flora of China|Flora of Korea|Flora of Mongolia|Flora of Siberia
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