| 词条 | Ulmus × hollandica 'Belgica' | ||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Ulmus × hollandica 'Belgica' | hybrid = U. glabra × U. minor | cultivar = 'Belgica' | image = Ulmus x hollandica 'Belgica' Amsterdam.jpg | image_caption = 'Belgica', Amsterdam (2004) | origin = Belgium }} The hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus × hollandica 'Belgica', one of a number of hybrids arising from the crossing of Wych Elm (Ulmus glabra) with a variety of Field Elm (Ulmus minor), was reputedly raised in the nurseries of the Abbey of the Dunes (Abdij Ten Duinen), Veurne (later removed to Bruges), in 1694.[1] Popular throughout Belgium and the Netherlands in the 19th century both as an ornamental and as a shelter-belt tree,[2][3] it was the 'Hollandse iep' (:'Dutch elm') in these countries, as distinct from the tree known as 'Dutch Elm' in Great Britain and Ireland since the 17th century: Ulmus × hollandica 'Major'.[3] In Francophone Belgium it was known as orme gras de Malines.[2] 'Belgica' arose in the same hybridization zone that produced 'Ypreau' (possibly synonymous with 'Major'), 'Klemmer' and 'Dumont', among other elm cultivars.[4] Description'Belgica' has a broad crown supported by a straight, rough-barked stem. Unusually thriving on poor sandy soils, it proved one of the fastest-growing elms in Europe, typically achieving heights of < 40 m. The obovate to elliptic leaves are < 12 cm long by 5 cm wide, and terminate at the apex as a long, serrated point. 'Belgica' was prized, among other reasons, for its "ease and grace of twigs and foliage".[5] Pests and diseasesVery susceptible to Dutch elm disease, it was the loss of this particular elm more than any other to the earlier strain of the disease which initiated the Dutch elm breeding programme in 1928.[6] In trials of Dutch clones, past and present, conducted at Wageningen in 2008 and 2009, 'Belgica' exhibited 89% defoliation eight weeks after inoculation.[7]'Belgica' is also very vulnerable to verticillium wilt.[8] Cultivation'Belgica' was planted in great numbers along roads, streets and canals,[9] and also in squares, parks and gardens.[10] Its popularity and its aesthetic qualities are evidenced in photographic records of the Netherlands from the late 19th century to c.1920.[11][12] 'Belgica's "rapid growth even on poor soils and its good resistance to wind and atmospheric pollution"[13] made it an ideal choice for shelter-belt planting. The Späth nursery of Berlin supplied an U. montana [× hollandica] belgica to the Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Canada in 1896.[14] U. Belgica, 'Belgian Elm', "of rapid growth and fine spreading shape", appears in Kelsey's 1904 catalogue, New York.[15] The cultivar has been introduced to arboreta in North America (see under Accessions). There is no record of its introduction to Australasia. Notable treesThe Oudemanhuispoort 'Belgica' in Amsterdam, planted in 1895, is the largest elm in the Netherlands, with a height of 34.6 m and a girth of 4.4 m.[16] The UK TROBI champion tree grows at Dyke Park Road in Brighton, measuring 17 m high by 92 cm d.b.h. in 2009, one of nine trees forming part of the NCCPG Collection (see under Accessions). A large tree identified as 'Belgian Elm' was photographed at the Ellwanger and Barry nursery at Mount Hope, Rochester, New York, circa 1900. Though the photograph is also captioned 'Superba', the tree, with its broad crown, more closely resembles 'Belgica'. In artThe column-like boles, high-arching branches and graceful foliage of 'Belgica' elms ('Hollandse iepen') beside canals and streets in the Netherlands are celebrated in many of the paintings and drawings of the Dutch artist Karel Klinkenberg (1852–1924).[17] Synonymy
Hybrid cultivars
VarietiesAugustine Henry considered the once widely planted elm cultivar U. × hollandica 'Dumont' to be a variety of 'Belgica', calling it Ulmus belgica var. Dumontii.[19]Accessions
Nurseries
References1. ^{{cite journal |editor-first=D.A.|editor-last=Burdekin|journal = Forestry Commission Bulletin (Research on Dutch elm disease in Europe)|number=60|last1=Meulemans|first1=M.|last2=Parmentier|first2= C. |publisher=HMSO|location=London|date=1983|title=Studies on Ceratocystis ulmi in Belgium|pages=86–95|url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/FCBU060.pdf/$FILE/FCBU060.pdf#page=96}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Elwes|first1=Henry John|authorlink1=Henry John Elwes|last2=Henry|first2=Augustine|authorlink2=Augustine Henry|date=1913|title=The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland|volume=7|pages=1869–1871|url=https://archive.org/stream/treesofgreatbrit07elweuoft#page/1869/mode/2up}} 3. ^1 Richens, R. H., Elm, Cambridge 1983 4. ^Elwes & Henry, p.1870 5. ^{{cite journal |editor-first=D.A.|editor-last=Burdekin|journal = Forestry Commission Bulletin (Research on Dutch elm disease in Europe)|number=60|last=Heybroek|first= Hans M. |publisher=HMSO|location=London|date=1983|title=Resistant elms for Europe|pages=108–113|url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/FCBU060.pdf/$FILE/FCBU060.pdf#page=118}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Heybroek|first1=H.M.|editor1-last=Sticklen|editor1-first=Mariam B.|editor2-last=Sherald|editor2-first=James L.|title=Dutch Elm Disease Research|date=1993|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=New York, USA|pages=16–25|accessdate=26 October 2017|chapter=The Dutch Elm Breeding Program|chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=avvxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=978-1-4615-6874-2}} 7. ^Buiteveld, J. et al. (2013). 'Comparison of commercial elm cultivars and promising unreleased Dutch clones for resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi'. iForest8 (2015): 158-164. 8. ^Pegg, G. F. & Brady, B. L. (2002). Verticillium Wilts. CABI Publishing. {{ISBN|0-85199-529-2}} 9. ^Photographs of Ulmus x hollandica 'Belgica' in Amsterdam and rural Holland 10. ^Hilliers' Manual of Trees & Shrubs. (1977). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, UK 11. ^La Hollande illustrée, Librairie Larousse, Paris 1908 12. ^www.bontehoek.nl 13. ^Bean, W. J. (1988) Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 8th edition, Murray, London; p.647 14. ^{{Cite book|last1=Saunders|first1=William|last2=Macoun|first2=William Tyrrell|url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinissues00ottogoog#page/n80/mode/2up/|title=Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm|year=1899|edition=2|pages=74–75}} 15. ^{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/CAT31286703#page/18/mode/2up|title=General catalogue, 1904 : choice hardy trees, shrubs, evergreens, roses, herbaceous plants, fruits, etc.|last=|first=|publisher=Frederick W. Kelsey|year=1904|isbn=|location=New York|pages=18}} 16. ^The Oudemanhuispoort elm in Amsterdam (photographs 8 and 9) ; photograph of columnar bole of the Oudemanhuispoort elm (to right of entrance) [https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://mw2.google.com/mw-panoramio/photos/medium/1192212.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.panoramio.com/photo/1192212&usg=__CKt-Ukf5svyRwVhDjmf4A6Yrnnc=&h=500&w=332&sz=51&hl=en&start=35&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=wqHBfg5TwczNQM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=86&prev=/images%3Fq%3DOudemanhuispoort%26start%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1] 17. ^Johannes Christiaan Karel Klinkenberg 18. ^[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh._(1902)._Accessions_book_pages_45,47.jpg RBGE Accessions book, 1902] 19. ^Henry & Elwes, p.1871 20. ^{{cite web|title=List of plants in the {elm} collection|publisher=Brighton & Hove City Council|access-date=23 September 2016|url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/list-plants-collection}} External links
3 : Dutch elm cultivar|Ulmus articles with images|Ulmus |
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