| 词条 | Unionist Party (Punjab) |
| 释义 |
The Unionist Party (Punjabi: یونینسٹ پارٹی (Shahmukhi), युनियनिस्ट पार्टी (Devanagari), ਯੂਨਯੂਨਿਸਟ ਪਾਰਟੀ (Gurmukhi)) was a political party based in the Punjab Province during the period of British rule in India. The Unionist Party mainly represented the interests of the landed gentry and landlords of Punjab, which included Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs. The Unionists dominated the political scene in Punjab from World War I to the independence India and Pakistan (and the partition of the province) in 1947. The party's leaders served as Prime Minister of the Punjab. The creed of the Unionist Party emphasized "Dominion Status and a United Democratic federal constitution for India as a whole".[1] OrganisationThe Unionist Party, a secular party, was formed to represent the interests of Punjab's large feudal classes and gentry. Sir Sikandar Hyat Khan, Sir Fazli Husain, Chaudhry Sir Shahab-ud-Din, and Sir Chhotu Ram were the co-founders of the party. Although a majority of Unionists were Muslims, a large number of Hindus and Sikhs also supported and participated in the Unionist Party. In contrast with the Indian National Congress and many other parties of the time, the Unionist Party did not have a mass-based approach. Also in contrast with Indian national Congress and muslim league , the Unionists supported the British Raj, and contested elections for the Punjab Legislative Council and the central Legislative Council at a time when Congress and the Muslim League were boycotting them. As a result, the Unionist Party dominated the provincial legislature for a number of years, allowing an elected provincial government to function when other provinces were governed by direct rule. Relations with other political partiesIn the 1937 Indian provincial elections, the Unionist Party soundly defeated the Muslim League in the Punjab.[2] The Muslim elements of the Unionists shared many common points with the Muslim League and followed a rather similar policy and agenda for national interests and issues;[3] but the Unionists were virtually an independent political party in the 1920s and 1930s, when the Muslim League was unpopular and divided into feuding factions. The links improved after Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the League's president in the mid-1930s and by October 1937, and then he was able to convince Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan to come to terms with him via the famous Sikandar-Jinnah Pact.[4] However, the rule of Unionist leader Sir Sikandar remained undisputed in the Punjab and he remained the Punjab's Premier (Chief Minister) from 1937 to 1942, in alliance with the Indian National Congress and the Shiromani Akali Dal despite Jinnah's opposition to both parties. Sir Sikandar thus remained the most popular and influential politician in Punjab during his lifetime, preventing both Jinnah and Sir Muhammad Iqbal from gaining the support of a majority of Punjabi Muslims. DeclineAfter the death of Khan, the party gradually collapsed.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} Jinnah and his pro-separatist Muslim League demanded of the new leader, Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana, that the word "Muslim" be incorporated into the party name. Tiwana, however, refused to alienate his Hindu and Sikh supporters,[5] and was opposed to the partition of India.[6][7] As a result, the pro-separatist Muslim League sought to intimidate Tiwana.[6] The Muslim League's Direct Action Day campaign brought the downfall of Sir Khizar's ministry, which depended on Congress and Akali support; inter-community relations were effectively destroyed as communal violence across India claimed the lives of tens of thousands of people. With the partition of India in August 1947 into the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan, Punjab was itself partitioned between the two new countries, with the Muslim majority West Punjab forming part of Pakistan, and the Hindu-Sikh majority East Punjab forming part of independent India. The Unionist Party's diverse pan-provincial organisation was destroyed, with some Muslim Unionists integrating themselves into the Muslim League; the party ceased to exist in independent India and Pakistan. LegacyIn Sindh Province, a Sind United Party modelled on the lines of the Punjab Unionists and representing similar interests. It became the largest party in the province at the 1937 provincial election. In 2013, guar farmers in Rajasthan formed the National Unionist Zamindara Party (or Zamindara Party) to represent their interests. While there is no connection to the historic Punjab Unionists, the new party honours the legacy of Unionist leaders like Sir Chhotu Ram.[8] The party was successful in winning 2 seats in the 2013 state election. See also
References1. ^{{cite book |last1=Malhotra |first1=S. L. |title=Gandhi, Punjab, and the Partition |date=1983 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University |page=73 |language=English}} 2. ^{{cite book |last1=Chakravarty |first1=Debadutta |title=Muslim Separatism and the Partition of India |date=2003 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=9788126902385 |language=English|quote=In Bengal, the Krishak Proja Party of Fazlul Huq and in Punjab, the Unionist Party of Sir Sikander Hyat Khan defeated most of the League candidates.}} 3. ^Prof. Stanley Wolpert, "Jinnah of Pakistan", Karachi:Oxford UP, 1999 reprint, pp. 150-151 4. ^Wolpert, p.151 5. ^{{cite book |last=Hardy |date=1972 |title=The Muslims of British India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA234 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=234 |isbn=978-0-521-09783-3}} 6. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Ishtiaq |title=The dissenters |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-dissenters/ |publisher=The Friday Times |language=English |date=27 May 2016|quote=Here, not only anti-colonial Muslims were opposed to the Partition – and there were many all over Punjab – but also those who considered the continuation of British rule good for the country – Sir Fazl-e-Hussain, Sir Sikander Hyat and Sir Khizr Hayat Tiwana for instance – were opposed to the Partition. The campaign against Sir Khizr during the Muslim League agitation was most intimidating and the worst type of abuse was hurled at him.}} 7. ^{{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |title=Khizr Tiwana, The Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India |date=1996 |publisher=Curzon Press |page=303|language=English|quote=Khizr was opposed to the division of India on a religious basis, and especially to suggestions about partitioning Punjab on such a basis. He sincerely believed that Punjabi Muslims had more in common with Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs.}} 8. ^Guar farmers plan own party in Rajasthan Further reading
External links
6 : Indian independence movement|Pakistan Movement|Defunct political parties in Punjab, India|Defunct political parties in Pakistan|Muslim League|Conservative parties in India |
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