| 词条 | United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space |
| 释义 |
| name = United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space | pronounce = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | map = United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Updated 2017.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = {{legend|#22b14c|current members (2017)}} {{legend|#b5e61d|applied for membership (2017)}} | abbreviation = COPUOS | motto = | merged = | successor = | formation = {{start date and age|1959|12|12}} | founding_location = | extinction = | merger = | type = International organization | status = Active | purpose = | headquarters = | coords = | region = | membership = 87 (as of 2017) | membership_year = | language = | owner = United Nations | parent_organization = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs | subsidiaries = | secessions = | website = {{URL|http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/COPUOS/copuos.html}} | footnotes = }} The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) was established in 1959 (shortly after the launch of Sputnik) as an ad hoc committee. In 1959, it was formally established by United Nations resolution 1472 (XIV).[1] The mission of COPUOS is "to review the scope of international cooperation in peaceful uses of outer space, to devise programmes in this field to be undertaken under United Nations auspices, to encourage continued research and the dissemination of information on outer space matters, and to study legal problems arising from the exploration of outer space." The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) is Secretariat to the Committee. All documents related to the Committee and its subcommittees, the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee[2] and the Legal Subcommittee[3], can be found at the UNOOSA website. The United Nations involvement in space related activities can be traced back to the beginning of the Space Race. After the first man-made object orbited the Earth in 1957, the UN has focused on ensuring outer space is used for peaceful purposes. The Launch of Sputnik marked the beginning of the Space Race as well as the beginning of satellite use for the advancement of science. As the Cold War began, fear of Outer Space being used for military purposes spread through the international community. This led to the creation of multiple organizations with the intent of governing how outer space can be used in order to assure it does not become the next frontier for conflict. HistoryIn 1958, the United Nations established the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space which originally consisted of 18 members: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Sweden, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Arab Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. In 1959, the United Nations permanently established the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space[4] and grew to involve 24 countries (Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Lebanon, and Romania.) The main focuses of COPUOS is to promote cooperation in the peaceful use of outer space, and share information regarding outer space and its exploration.[5] In 1962, the two COPUOS subcommittees: the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and the Legal Subcommittee met for the first time and continue to do so annually.[6]{{update after|2019|2|9}} Treaties and agreementsCOPUOS oversees{{clarify|with respect to what? the UN? other nation states? private actors now building and sending space flights to the Moon? |date=February 2019}} the implementation of five UN treaties and agreements relating to activities in outer space:{{cn|date=February 2019}}
COPUOS also keeps track of the following other international agreements relating to activities in outer space:[7]
Concerns about ratification and enforcementBoth the former USSR and the USA engaged in an "arms race" including weapons systems functional in low-orbit altitudes; US President Ronald Reagan termed it "star wars"; this raised serious concerns. Space-based weapons are explicitly banned, however, several nation-states with the capacity for satellite launch are not members of the NPT, and have had a poor record on disclosure of weapons, particularly of concern is tendency toward Nuclear Ambiguity, and how such policy may effect the current treaty. In 2017, with the reports of "Sonic attacks" on US staff of diplomatic missions in Cuba, the ban on space-based weapons systems is again on the radar. Near-Earth object deflection and disaster response{{Main|Impact events|Asteroid impact avoidance|B612 Foundation}}The Association of Space Explorers (ASE), working in conjunction with B612 Foundation members, helped obtain UN oversight of near-Earth object (NEO) tracking and deflection missions through COPUOS along with its Action Team 14 (AT-14) expert group. Several members of B612 and ASE have worked with COPUOS since 2001 to establish international involvement for both impact disaster responses, and on deflection missions to prevent impact events.[8] As explained by B612 Foundation Chair Emeritus Rusty Schweickart in 2013, "No government in the world today has explicitly assigned the responsibility for planetary protection to any of its agencies".[9] In October 2013, the UN committee approved several measures to deal with terrestrial asteroid impacts, including the creation of an International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN) to act as a clearing house for shared information on dangerous asteroids and for any future terrestrial impact events that are identified. A UN Space Missions Planning Advisory Group (SMPAG) will also coordinate joint studies of the technologies for deflection missions, and as well provide oversight of actual missions. This is due to deflection missions typically involving a progressive movement of an asteroid's predicted impact point across the surface of the Earth (and also across the territories of uninvolved countries) until the NEO has been deflected either ahead of, or behind the planet at the point their orbits intersect.[10] Schweickart states that an initial framework of international cooperation at the UN is needed to guide the policy makers of its member nations on several important NEO-related aspects.[11][12] At about the same time (Oct 2013) of the UN's policy adoption in New York City, Schweickart and four other ASE member, including B612 head Ed Lu and strategic advisers Dumitru Prunariu and Tom Jones, participated at a public forum moderated by Neil deGrasse Tyson not far from the UN's headquarters, urging the global community to adopt further important steps towards planetary defense against the threat of NEO impacts. Their recommendations included:[8][11]
The first meetings of IAWN and SMPAG were held in 2014.[13] Member StatesThe ad hoc Committee established by the General Assembly in its resolution 1348 (XIII) of 13 December 1958 was composed of representatives of Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Sweden, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Arab Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America.
As of 2017, the Committee has 87 members[5], and is one of the largest committees of the General Assembly of the United Nations. The member States of the Committee are: Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belgium, Belarus, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Germany, Hungary, Ghana, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Lebanon, Libya, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela and Vietnam.[5] International organizations with permanent observer statusThe following non-UN organizations have permanent observer status with the Committee: {{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
}} See also
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524005452/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/SpaceLaw/gares/html/gares_14_1472.html|title=1472 (XIV). International co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space|last=|first=|date=|website=United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/stsc/index.html|title=Scientific and Technical Subcommittee Sessions|last=|first=|date=|website=United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/lsc/index.html|title=Legal Subcommittee Sessions|last=|first=|date=|website=United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/history.html|title=COPUOS History|last=|first=|date=|website=United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 5. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/members/evolution.html|title=Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space: Membership Evolution|last=|first=|date=|website=Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/aboutus/history/index.html|title=History|last=sinead.harvey|website=www.unoosa.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-27}} 7. ^Status of International Agreements relating to activities in outer space as at 1 January 2012 8. ^1 Astronauts and Cosmonauts Call for Global Cooperation on Asteroid Threat, Earth & Sky website, October 28, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2014. 9. ^1 O'Neill, Ian. United Nations to Spearhead Asteroid Deflection Plan, Discovery.com website, October 28, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2014. 10. ^Aron, Jacob. [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24478-un-sets-up-asteroid-peacekeepers-to-defend-earth.html#.U999lGPCeKJ UN Sets Up Asteroid Peacekeepers to Defend Earth], New Scientist website, October 28, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2014. 11. ^1 Netburn, Deborah. UN Aims to Fight Asteroids, Creates a Global Warning Network, Los Angeles Times, October 28, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2014. 12. ^Chang, Kenneth. [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/07/science/space/more-large-asteroid-strikes-are-likely-scientists-find.html More Asteroid Strikes Are Likely, Scientists Say], The New York Times website, November 6, 2013, and in print on November 7, 2013, p. A12 of the New York edition. Retrieved June 26, 2014. 13. ^Building International Infrastructure for Planetary Defense July 2015 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://swfound.org/news/all-news/2016/07/insight-uncopuos-and-space-sustainability|title=Insight - UNCOPUOS and Space Sustainability|last=Johnson|first=Christopher|date=1 July 2016|website=Secure World Foundation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=28 December 2018}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/members/evolution.html|title=COPUOS Membership Evolution|last=robert.wickramatunga|website=www.unoosa.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-27}} External links
3 : Organizations established in 1959|Space organizations|United Nations General Assembly subsidiary organs |
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