| 词条 | Uniting American Families Act | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
{{USBill|113|S.|296}}|bill_date=February 5, 2013|introduced_by=Rep. Jerry Nadler (D-NY) Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-VT)}}{{LGBT rights}}{{Infobox United States federal proposed legislation | name = Uniting American Families Act of 2013 | fullname = To amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to promote family unity, and for other purposes. | acronym = | nickname = | introduced in the = 113th | sponsored by = Rep. Jerrold Nadler (D, NY-10) | number of co-sponsors = 16 | public law url = | cite public law = | cite statutes at large = | acts affected = Cuban Adjustment Act, Cuban Refugee Adjustment Act, Immigration and Nationality Act, LIFE Act, Miscellaneous Appropriations Act, 2001 | acts repealed = | title affected = | sections created = | sections affected = | agenciesaffected = Department of Homeland Security, | authorizationsofappropriations = | appropriations = | leghisturl = | introducedin = House | introducedbill = {{USBill|113|hr|519}} | introducedby = Rep. Jerrold Nadler (D, NY-10) | introduceddate = February 5, 2013 | committees = United States House Committee on the Judiciary, | passedbody1 = | passeddate1 = | passedvote1 = | passedbody2 = | passedas2 = | passeddate2 = | passedvote2 = | conferencedate = | passedbody3 = | passeddate3 = | passedvote3 = | agreedbody3 = | agreeddate3 = | agreedvote3 = | agreedbody4 = | agreeddate4 = | agreedvote4 = | passedbody4 = | passeddate4 = | passedvote4 = | signedpresident = | signeddate = | unsignedpresident = | unsigneddate = | vetoedpresident = | vetoeddate = | overriddenbody1 = | overriddendate1 = | overriddenvote1 = | overriddenbody2 = | overriddendate2 = | overriddenvote2 = | amendments = | SCOTUS cases = }} The Uniting American Families Act (UAFA, {{USBill|113|H.R.|519}}, {{USBill|113|S.|296}}) is a U.S. bill to amend the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 to eliminate discrimination in immigration by permitting permanent partners of United States citizens and of lawful permanent residents to obtain lawful permanent resident status in the same manner as spouses of citizens and of lawful permanent residents and to penalize immigration fraud in connection with permanent partnerships.[1][2] If the partnership ends within two years, the sponsored partner's immigrant status would be subject to review.[3] Beginning in the 111th Congress, the full text of UAFA, further expanded to provide rights to the children or stepchildren of the foreign-born partner, has been included as Title II of the Reuniting Families Act ({{USBill|113|H.R.|717}}), an immigration reform bill, last introduced in the United States House of Representatives on February 14, 2013, by California Congressman Michael Honda (D-CA).[3][4] UAFA was introduced on February 13, 2013, in the United States Senate by Vermont Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT)[5] and in the United States House of Representatives by New York Congressman Jerrold Nadler (D-NY).[6] The Senate version has 29 cosponsors.[7] The Senate legislation has been referred to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary.[8] Most of the cosponsors are Democrats and there is little Republican support for the legislation.[9] The 2013 bill was cosponsored by Republican Congressmen Charlie Dent and Richard L. Hanna. There are an estimated 36,000 same-sex binational couples in 2000, according to the Census, who could benefit from this act.[10] Definitions of Permanent Partner and Permanent PartnershipUAFA includes the following definitions:[11]
Legislative history
In the House of Representatives the bill was referred to the United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law.[12] This subcommittee has sixteen members including the Chairman Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) and ranking member Representative Steve King (R-IA). The subcommittee consists of representatives from the states of California, Texas, Illinois, Utah, Iowa, Mississippi, New York and Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi (D) from Puerto Rico. The subcommittee has six Republicans and ten Democrats on board.[13] In the Senate the bill was referred to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary which consists of nineteen members which includes Chairman Patrick Leahy (D-VT) who re-introduced the bill and Ranking Member Senator Jefferson Sessions (R-AL). The committee consists of seven Republican Senators and twelve Democratic Senators. The Representatives on the committee come from seventeen different states; this differs vastly from the subcommittee to which the House of Representatives bill has been referred to.[14] Senator Patrick Leahy held a hearing on the bill on June 3, 2009.[15] The hearing was the first-ever hearing on the Uniting American Families Act. In the opinion of the national organization, Immigration Equality, the hearing was a fundamental and important first step for bringing UAFA into comprehensive immigration reform.[16] On December 15, 2009, Congressman Luis Gutiérrez (D-IL) introduced his comprehensive immigration reform bill, H.R. 4321, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform for America's Security and Prosperity Act of 2009 (CIR ASAP Act). Initially, it did not include UAFA, which upset many gay rights activists.[17] However, on July 15, 2010, Congressman Gutiérrez announced, "provisions of UAFA must be part of any comprehensive immigration reform bill."[18] Senator Charles Schumer wrote a letter to his LGBT constituency in March 2010 indicating that he is currently working with colleagues of both parties to work on comprehensive immigration reform. This comprehensive immigration reform, which in Senator Schumer's mind is more effective than "piecemeal legislation", will address the issue in the Uniting American Families Act.[19] An important political issue with UAFA revolves around the principle of family reunification; many conservatives do not want to be seen as anti-family reunification, especially with the growing Latino voter base.[17] Of note, is the fact that forty percent of LGBT binational couples in the United States include a Latino family member.[20] Effects of Obergefell v. Hodges Supreme Court decisionIn response to Obergefell v. Hodges Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano issued a statement on July 1, 2013 clarifying that LGBT spouses and fiancés would henceforth be treated the same as heterosexual couples for immigration purposes.[21] This eliminated the need for a stand alone bill. Support for Uniting American Families ActThe support for the Uniting American Families Act has increased in the House of Representatives, but much less so in the Senate.[10] Organizations such as the Human Rights Campaign (HRC) and Immigration Equality, both supporters of LGBT rights legislation, support the bill. The HRC points out that the process for sponsoring a partner will have the same requirements that opposite-sex couples face. HRC also reports that 22 countries recognize same-sex couples under immigration law, including France, Germany, Israel, and the United Kingdom, among others.[22] The American Civil Liberties Union wrote in a letter of support for UAFA to senators that the bill does not provide special benefits for same-sex couples, but provides equal sponsorship. The ACLU also mentions that the bill follows traditional family reunification principles in immigration law that are already commonplace in various countries.[23] The Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) supports UAFA and asks that comprehensive immigration reform include lesbian and gay immigrants.[24] Several corporations and organizations, such as Intel Corporation and the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union, have expressed support for the bill.[10] The Immigration Equality website has a list of organizations, labor unions, civil rights groups, religious institutions, and businesses that support the bill including Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, the U.S. Conference of Mayors, League of United Latin American Citizens, American Bar Association, American Airlines and the American Jewish Committee.[25] Opposition to Uniting American Families ActOpponents believe that UAFA could open up the doors for Illegal immigration even though it would penalize those who attempt to evade immigration law. They believe that it will be hard for immigration officers to actually determine whether the partnership is long-term and permanent.[26] The Center for Immigration Studies does not support the bill because, in their opinion, it does not provide a reliable measure for indicating who is in a long-term committed partnership.[27] While previously supporting family reunification legislation, such as H.R. 6638, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops does not support the inclusion of the Uniting American Families Act in a larger bill or standing on its own.[28] National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference's (NHCLC) leader Reverend Samuel Rodriguez predicts that the wide and strong support that the NHCLC has garnered for comprehensive immigration reform will be lost if same-sex couples are to benefit from the reform.[27] Roy Beck, the founder and CEO of NumbersUSA, an which works for lower immigration levels, opposed the Act.[29]Coverage of different-sex couplesThe bill's language applies only to applicable LGBT individuals and excludes different-sex couples from becoming permanent partners under its provisions.[30] Same-sex couples with valid marriage certificates are prohibited from being considered "married" under this act and can only apply for visas as permanent partners. Due to the inability to be recognized as married partners under this act, the act then allows individuals who have had the opportunity in other states and countries to be married, but have chosen not to, the same immigration rights as those who have pursued marriage.[30] Although the bill is designed to align the rights of same-sex couples with those of different-sex couples, binational same-sex couples are unlikely to resemble different-sex couples. This could be due to international immigration law, especially in the case of financial interdependence if certain countries require finances to be kept separate in these cases, thus already excluding some couples and asking more than what different-sex couples must prove.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} References1. ^{{USBill|113|H.R.|519}} 2. ^{{USBill|113|S.|296}} 3. ^ , Title II - Uniting American Families Act. 4. ^{{USBill|113|H.R.|717}} 5. ^Senator Patrick Leahy (February 13, 2013). Press Release. 6. ^Representative Jerrold Nadler (February 5, 2013). Press Release. 7. ^U.S. Senate. 113th Congress, 1st Session. op. cit., see Cosponsors. 8. ^http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s113-296 9. ^National Journal: David Gauvey Herbert, "Uniting American Families Act," October 27, 2010, accessed March 5, 2012 10. ^1 2 3 http://www.gaylesbiantimes.com/?id=5331&issue=915 11. ^U.S. House. 113th Congress, 1st Session. op. cit., see Text of Legislation, Sec. 2. 12. ^http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-1024 13. ^http://judiciary.house.gov/about/subimmigration.html 14. ^http://www.govtrack.us/congress/committee.xpd?id=SSJU 15. ^http://judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/hearing.cfm?id=3876 16. ^http://immigrationequality.org/blog/?p=904 17. ^1 {{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/apr/16/us-immigration-gay-rights | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=US immigration's gay rights divide | first=Stewart J | last=Lawrence | date=April 18, 2010}} 18. ^http://www.gutierrez.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=600:rep-gutierrez-uafa-provisions-must-be-part-of-any-comprehensive-immigration-reform-bill&catid=43:2010-press-releases 19. ^http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/03/18/Schumer_Signals_UAFA_Inclusion/ 20. ^http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/04/29/Arizona_Law_Bad_for_Gay_Binational_Couples/ 21. ^https://www.uscis.gov/family/same-sex-marriages 22. ^Human Rights Campaign: "Talking Points: The Uniting American Families Act" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725101446/http://www.hrc.org/files/images/blog/2009/06/uafa_talking_points.pdf |date=July 25, 2012 }}, accessed March 5, 2012 23. ^https://www.aclu.org/lgbt-rights_hiv-aids/aclu-letter-senate-united-american-families-act 24. ^http://www.sdgln.com/causes/2010/02/05/thomas-saenz-president-maldef-creating-change 25. ^http://immigrationequalityactionfund.org/legislation/endorsements/ 26. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/03/us/politics/03immig.html?_r=1 | work=The New York Times | title=Bill Proposes Immigration Rights for Gay Couples | first=Julia | last=Preston | date=June 3, 2009}} 27. ^1 {{cite news| url=http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=&sc2=news&sc3=&id=92059 | work=Edge Boston| title=Effort to Include Gay Partners Threatens Immigration Bill | first=Kilian | last=Melloy | date=June 3, 2009}} 28. ^http://www.usccb.org/comm/archives/2009/09-122.shtml 29. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.numbersusa.com/content/nusablog/beckr/june-2-2009/my-testimony-today-senate-judiciary-committee-asks-decisions-be-made-nati | work=Numbers USA | title=My Testimony Today to Senate Judiciary Committee Asks Decisions Be Made In National Interest -- Not For Special Interests | first=Roy | last=Beck | date=June 3, 2009}} 30. ^1 Timothy R. Carraher, "Some Suggestions for the UAFA: A Bill for Same-Sex Binational Couples," Northwestern Journal of Law and Social Policy, vol. 4 (Winter 2009), available online, accessed March 5, 2012 External links{{Wikisource|Uniting American Families Act of 2013 (H.R. 519; 113th Congress)}}{{wikisource|Uniting American Families Act of 2013 (S. 296; 113th Congress)}}
7 : United States proposed federal immigration and nationality legislation|Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress|Immigration and LGBT topics|LGBT law in the United States|LGBT rights in the United States|2009 in LGBT history|Same-sex union legislation in the United States |
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