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词条 Foreign relations of Cuba
释义

  1. History

      Spanish colonial period    1898–1959    The Cold War    Relations in Latin America during the Cold War    Intervention in Cold War conflicts   Intervention in Angola  Intervention in Latin America  Leadership of non-aligned movement   Post–Cold War relations  

  2. Bilateral relations

      Africa    Americas    Asia    Europe    Oceania  

  3. International organizations and groups

      Caribbean Community (CARICOM)    Organization of American States  

  4. Cuban intervention abroad: 1959 – Early 1990s

      Black Panthers    Palestine    Irish Republicans  

  5. Humanitarian aid

  6. List of Foreign Ministers of Cuba

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. Further reading

  10. External links

{{Politics of Cuba}}

Cuba's foreign policy has been fluid throughout history depending on world events and other variables, including relations with the United States. Without massive Soviet subsidies and its primary trading partner, Cuba became increasingly isolated in the late 1980s and early 1990s after the fall of the USSR and the end of the Cold War, but Cuba opened up more with the rest of the world again starting in the late 1990s when they have since entered bilateral co-operation with several South American countries, most notably Venezuela and Bolivia beginning in the late 1990s, especially after the Venezuela election of Hugo Chavez in 1999, who became a staunch ally of Castro's Cuba. The United States used to stick to a policy of isolating Cuba until December 2014, when Barack Obama announced a new policy of diplomatic and economic engagement. The European Union accuses Cuba of "continuing flagrant violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms".[1] Cuba has developed a growing relationship with the People's Republic of China and Russia. In all, Cuba continues to have formal relations with 160 nations, and provided civilian assistance workers – principally medical – in more than 20 nations.[2] More than one million exiles have escaped to foreign countries. Cuba's present foreign minister is Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla.

Cuba is currently a lead country on the United Nations Human Rights Council, and is a founding member of the organization known as the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas, a member of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, the Latin American Integration Association and the United Nations. Cuba is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and hosted its September 2006 summit. In addition as a member of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS), Cuba was re-appointed as the chair- of the special committee on transportation issues for the Caribbean region.[3] Following a meeting in November 2004, several leaders of South America have attempted to make Cuba either a full or associate member of the South American trade bloc known as Mercosur.[4][5]

History

Spanish colonial period

Prior to achieving its independence, Cuba was a colony of Spain.

1898–1959

Prior to the triumph of the Cuban Revolution, Cuba maintained strong economic and political ties to the United States. From 1902 until its abrogation in 1934, the Platt Amendment authorized the US to use military force to preserve Cuba's independence.

In 1917, Cuba entered World War I on the side of the allies.[6]

Cuba joined the League of Nations in 1920.

In 1941, Cuba declared war on Italy, Germany, and Japan.

Cuba joined the United Nations in 1945.

Cuba joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1948.

During the Presidency of Fulgencio Batista, Cuba did not initially face trade restrictions. In mid-1958, the United States imposed an arms embargo on the Batista administration.

The Cold War

{{See also|Cuba–Soviet Union relations}}

Following the establishment of diplomatic ties to the Soviet Union, and after the Cuban Missile Crisis, Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet markets and military and economic aid. Castro was able to build a formidable military force with the help of Soviet equipment and military advisors. The KGB kept in close touch with Havana, and Castro tightened Communist Party control over all levels of government, the media, and the educational system, while developing a Soviet-style internal police force.

Castro's alliance with the Soviet Union caused something of a split between him and Guevara. In 1966, Guevara left for Bolivia in an ill-fated attempt to stir up revolution against the country's government.

On August 23, 1968, Castro made a public gesture to the USSR that caused the Soviet leadership to reaffirm their support for him. Two days after Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia to repress the Prague Spring, Castro took to the airwaves and publicly denounced the Czech rebellion. Castro warned the Cuban people about the Czechoslovakian 'counterrevolutionaries', who "were moving Czechoslovakia towards capitalism and into the arms of imperialists". He called the leaders of the rebellion "the agents of West Germany and fascist reactionary rabble."[7] In return for his public backing of the invasion, at a time when some Soviet allies were deeming the invasion an infringement of Czechoslovakia's sovereignty, the Soviets bailed out the Cuban economy with extra loans and an immediate increase in oil exports.

The relationship between the Soviet Union's KGB and the Cuban Intelligence Directorate was complex and marked by times of extremely close cooperation and times of extreme competition. The Soviet Union saw the new revolutionary government in Cuba as an excellent proxy agent in areas of the world where Soviet involvement was not popular on a local level. Nikolai Leninov, the KGB Chief in Mexico City, was one of the first Soviet officials to recognize Fidel Castro's potential as a revolutionary and urged the Soviet Union to strengthen ties with the new Cuban leader. Moscow saw Cuba as having far more appeal with new revolutionary movements, western intellectuals, and members of the New Left with Cuba's perceived David and Goliath struggle against US imperialism. Shortly after the Cuban missile crisis in 1963, Moscow invited 1,500 DI agents, including Che Guevara, to the KGB's Moscow Center for intensive training in intelligence operations.

After the revolution of 1959, Cuba soon took actions inimical to American trade interests on the island. In response, the U.S. stopped buying Cuban sugar and refused to supply its former trading partner with much needed oil. Relations between the countries deteriorated rapidly. In April 1961, following air attacks preparing for the Bay of Pigs Invasion by CIA-trained Cuban exiles, prime minister Fidel Castro declared Cuba to be a socialist republic, and moved quickly to develop the growing relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union.

In 1962, Cuba was expelled from the Organization of American States. Shortly afterwards, many nations throughout Latin America broke ties with Cuba, leaving the island increasingly isolated in the region and dependent on Soviet trade and cooperation.

Following the establishment of diplomatic ties, and after the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet markets and military and economic aid. Cuba was able to build a large military force with the help of Soviet equipment and military advisers, but as the years passed, Cuba's economy began to decline as a result on mismanagement of the economy and low productivity, which was further aggravated by the U.S. embargo. Despite this, the Soviets also kept in close touch with Havana, sharing varying close relations until the collapse of the bloc in 1990.

Relations in Latin America during the Cold War

{{quote|"Cuba has a unique symbolic allure. It is the small country that confronted the U.S. empire and has survived despite the attempts by all U.S. presidents since to subdue its communist government. It is the island with iconic leaders like Fidel Castro and Che Guevara, and the Latin American country that in the language of revolutionaries everywhere embodies the struggle of socialist humanism against the materialism of capitalist societies. Cuba is also the small nation that in the past sent its troops to die in faraway lands in Latin America and even Africa fighting for the poor."| Moisés Naím, Newsweek[8]}}

During the Cold War, Cuba's influence in the Americas was inhibited by the Monroe Doctrine and the dominance of the United States.[9] Despite this Fidel Castro became an influential figurehead for leftist groups in the region, extending support to Marxist Revolutionary movements throughout Latin America, most notably aiding the Sandinistas in overthrowing Somoza in Nicaragua in 1979. In 1971, Fidel Castro took a month-long visit to Chile. The visit, in which Castro participated actively in the internal politics of the country, holding massive rallies and giving public advice to Salvador Allende, was seen by those on the political right as proof to support their view that "The Chilean Way to Socialism" was an effort to put Chile on the same path as Cuba.[10]

Intervention in Cold War conflicts

Africa was the target for Cuba's entry into a leadership role in world affairs. It was chosen in part to represent Cuban solidarity with its own large element of African descent. More important, it made Cuban revolutionary traditions a worldwide model, and the more often that model was followed, the stronger Cuba would be in terms of prestige and untouchability. Wolf Grabendorff says, "Most African states view Cuban intervention in Africa as help in achieving independence through self-help rather than as a step toward the type of dependence which would result from a similar commitment by the super-powers."[11] Starting in the 1970s, Cuba's intervention in Africa targeted 17 different nations and three insurgencies. It soon leading Cuban soldiers engaging in frontline military combat. In doing so Castro aligned Cuba with African insurgencies against colonial vestiges and specifically against South Africa. Furthermore, by providing military aid Cuba won trading partners for the Soviet bloc and potential converts to Marxism.[9]

In the 1970s, Cuba expanded military aid programs to Africa in the Middle East, sending military missions to Sierra Leone in 1972, South Yemen in 1973, Equatorial Guinea in 1973, and Somalia in 1974. It sent combat troops to Syria in 1973 to fight against Israel. Cuba was following the general Soviet policy of détente with the West, and secret discussions were opened with the United States about peaceful coexistence. They ended abruptly when Cuba sent combat troops to fight in Angola.[12]

Intervention in Angola
{{Main|Cuban intervention in Angola}}

On November 4, 1975, Castro ordered the deployment of Cuban troops to Angola to aid the Marxist MPLA against UNITA forces, which were being supported by the People's Republic of China, and later the United States, Israel, and South Africa (see: Cuba in Angola). After two months on their own, Moscow aided the Cuban mission with the USSR engaging in a massive airlift of Cuban forces into Angola. On this, Nelson Mandela is said to have remarked "Cuban internationalists have done so much for African independence, freedom, and justice."[13] Cuban troops were also sent to Marxist Ethiopia to assist Ethiopian forces in the Ogaden War with Somalia in 1977. Cuba sent troops along with the Soviet Union to aid the FRELIMO and MPLA governments in Mozambique and Angola, respectively, while they were fighting U.S. and South African-backed insurgent groups RENAMO (supported by Rhodesia as well) and UNITA. He also aided the government of Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia during its conflict with Somalia.[14]

Castro never disclosed the number of casualties in Soviet African wars, but one estimate is 14,000, a high number for the small country.[15]

Cuban troops were also sent to Marxist Ethiopia to assist Ethiopian forces in the Ogaden War with Somalia in 1977.

Intervention in Latin America

In addition, Castro extended support to Marxist Revolutionary movements throughout Latin America, such as aiding the Sandinistas in overthrowing the Somoza government in Nicaragua in 1979. It has been claimed by the Carthage Foundation-funded Center for a Free Cuba[16] that an estimated 14,000 Cubans were killed in Cuban military actions abroad.[14]

Leadership of non-aligned movement
{{Further|Cuban medical internationalism}}

In the 1970s, Cuba made a major effort to assume a leadership role in the world's nonalignment movement, which represented over 90 Third World nations. Its combat troops in Angola greatly impressed fellow non-aligned nations. Cuba also established military advisory missions, and economic and social reform programs. Apart from interventions in revolutionary conflicts and civil wars, Cuba made world-wide commitments to social-and economic programs in 40 poor countries. This was made possible by the improved Cuban economy in the 1970s. The largest programs involved major construction projects, in which 8,000 Cubans provided technical advice, planning, and training of engineers. Educational programs involved 3,500 teachers. In addition thousands of specialists, technicians, and engineers were sent as advisors to agricultural mining and transportation sectors around the globe. Cuba hosted 10,000 foreign students, chiefly from Africa and Latin America, in health programs and technical schools.[17] Cuba's extensive program of medical support to international attention. A 2007 study reported:

Since the early 1960s, 28,422 Cuban health workers have worked in 37 Latin American countries, 31,181 in 33 African countries, and 7,986 in 24 Asian countries. Throughout a period of four decades, Cuba sent 67,000 health workers to structural cooperation programs, usually for at least two years, in 94 countries ... an average of 3,350 health workers working abroad every year between 1960 and 2000.[18]

The 1976 world conference of the Nonaligned Movement applauded Cuban internationalism, "which assisted the people of Angola in frustrating the expansionist and colonialist strategy of South Africa's racist regime and its allies." The next nonaligned conference was scheduled for Havana in 1979, to be chaired by Castro, with his becoming the de facto spokesman for the Movement. The conference in September 1979 marked the zenith of Cuban prestige. The nonaligned nations believed that Cuba was not aligned with the Soviet camp in the Cold War.[19] However in December 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, an active member of the Nonaligned Movement. At the United Nations, Nonaligned members voted 56 to 9, with 26 abstaining, to condemn the Soviet Union. Cuba in fact was deeply in debt financially and politically to Moscow, and voted against the resolution. It lost its reputation as nonaligned in the Cold War. Castro, instead of becoming a high profile spokesman for the Movement, remain quiet and inactive, and in 1983 leadership passed to India, which had abstained on the UN vote. Cuba lost its bid to become a member of the United Nations Security Council. Cuba's ambitions for a role in global leadership had totally collapsed.[20][21]

Post–Cold War relations

In the post–Cold War environment Cuban support for guerrilla warfare in Latin America has largely subsided, though the Cuban government continued to provide political assistance and support for left leaning groups and parties in the developing Western Hemisphere.

When Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev visited Cuba in 1989, the comradely relationship between Havana and Moscow was strained by Gorbachev's implementation of economic and political reforms in the USSR. "We are witnessing sad things in other socialist countries, very sad things", lamented Castro in November 1989, in reference to the changes that were sweeping such communist allies as the Soviet Union, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland.[22] The subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 had an immediate and devastating effect on Cuba.

Cuba today works with a growing bloc of Latin American politicians opposed to the "Washington consensus", the American-led doctrine that free trade, open markets, and privatization will lift poor third world countries out of economic stagnation. The Cuban government have condemned neoliberalism as a destructive force in the developing world, creating an alliance with Presidents Hugo Chávez of Venezuela and Evo Morales of Bolivia in opposing such policies.[23][24][25][26]

Currently, Cuba has diplomatically friendly relationships with Presidents Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela, Dilma Rousseff of Brazil, and Cristina Fernández of Argentina, with Maduro as perhaps his staunchest ally in the post-Soviet era. Cuba has sent thousands of teachers and medical personnel to Venezuela to assist Chávez's socialist oriented economic programs. Chávez, in turn provides Cuba with lower priced petroleum. Cuba's debt for oil to Venezuela is believed to be on the order of one billion US dollars.[27]

Bilateral relations

Africa

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Algeria}}
  • Algeria has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Algiers.
Angola}} See Angola–Cuba relations

Angola-Cuba diplomatic relations are, for Angola, second only to relations with the United States. During Angola's civil war, Cuban forces fought to install a Marxist–Leninist MPLA-PT government; against Western-backed UNITA and FLNA guerrillas backed by the South African apartheid state. For the time being South African forces were repelled though the UNITA insurgency continued; eventually Cuban forces withdrew from the country, especially as Cuba faced tremendous economic difficulties as a result of the Soviet Union's collapse. The outcome of Cuban withdrawal and the peace accords resulted in the MPLA changing from a Marxist–Leninist party to a Multi-Party Democratic system based on free market principles (the MPLA also dropped the "PT" extension to their name as a clear sign of dropping their Communist aspirations). From an economic stand point, Cuba has lost its preferred status in Angola and South Africa has become the biggest single investor and trading partner with Angola (outside of oil sales).

  • Angola has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Luanda.
Benin}}
  • Benin has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Cotonou.
Burkina Faso}}
  • Burkina Faso has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Ouagadougou.
Cape Verde}}
  • Cape Verde has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Praia.
Chad}}
  • Chad is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Cuba is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Niamey, Niger.
Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Havana.
Djibouti}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Djibouti City.
  • Djibouti has an embassy in Havana.
Egypt}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy in Havana.
Equatorial Guinea}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Malabo.
  • Equatorial Guinea has an embassy in Havana.
Ethiopia}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Addis Ababa.[28]
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Havana.[29]
Ghana}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Havana.
Guinea}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Conakry.
  • Guinea has an embassy in Havana.
Guinea-Bissau}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Bissau.
  • Guinea-Bissau has an embassy in Havana.
Kenya}} See Cuba–Kenya relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Havana.
Mali}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Havana.
Mozambique}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Havana.
Namibia}} See Cuba–Namibia relations

Cuban-Namibian relations began during the South African Border War, when Cuba helped establish a number of training camps in Angola for the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), armed wing of the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO).[30] Cuba also supported both SWAPO and PLAN through a number of political and diplomatic initiatives.[31] Since independence, Namibia and Cuba have held joint meetings every two years for Economic, Scientific-Technical and Commercial Cooperation. In 2005, it was reported that 1,460 Cuban professionals had worked in Namibia, including 208 in 2005.[31]

  • Cuba has an embassy in Windhoek.
  • Namibia has an embassy in Havana.
Nigeria}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Havana.
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}} 30 January 1980 See Cuba–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations

Cuba recognized the SADR on 20 January 1980 and formal diplomatic relations were established on 30 January 1980. A Sahrawi embassy was opened in Havana in April 1980 and the Cuban embassy in Algiers, Algeria is accredited to the SADR.

Sierra Leone}}

The Cuban government initially pledged to send one hundred and sixty five health workers to Sierra Leone to take part in combating the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa.[32] Later the Cuban government expanded this pledge with an additional three hundred health workers being sent throughout the region.[33]

South Africa}} See Cuba–South Africa relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Pretoria.[34]
  • South Africa has an embassy in Havana.
Zimbabwe}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Harare.
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Havana.

Americas

Cuba has supported a number of leftist groups and parties in Latin America and the Caribbean since the 1959 revolution. In the 1960s Cuba established close ties with the emerging Guatemalan social movement led by Luis Augusto Turcios Lima, and supported the establishment of the URNG, a militant organization that has evolved into one of Guatemala's current political parties. In the 1980s Cuba backed both the Sandinistas in Nicaragua and the FMLN in El Salvador, providing military and intelligence training, weapons, guidance, and organizational support.

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Argentina}} 12 May 1909 See Argentina–Cuba relations
  • Argentina has an embassy in Havana.[35]
  • Cuba has an embassy in Buenos Aires.[36]
Barbados}}1972-Dec-12

Barbados was one of the first nations in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) bloc to form relations with the Republic of Cuba in 1972. On October 6, 1976 the Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 crashed off the coast of Barbados after a U.S. assisted terrorist plot.

  • Cuba is represented in Barbados, through its embassy in Bridgetown.
  • Barbados is represented in Cuba, through its embassy in Havana.
Belize}} 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1995.[37]

  • Belize has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Belize City.
Bolivia}} See Bolivia–Cuba relations
  • Bolivia has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in La Paz.
Brazil}} See Brazil–Cuba relations

With the electoral win of the President of Brazil, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2002 ties between Cuba and Brazil have steadily warmed. Brazil continues to play its part in trying to revive and upgrade the offshore oil and gas infrastructure of Cuba.[38] In addition, talks led by Brazil are underway seeking to develop a framework for Cuba to become a normalised affiliate member of the Mercosur bloc of countries.

  • Brazil has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo.
Canada}} 1945 See Canada–Cuba relations

Canada has always maintained consistently cordial relations with Cuba, in spite of considerable pressure from the United States, and the island is also one of the most popular travel destinations for Canadian citizens. Canada-Cuba relations can be traced back to the 18th century, when vessels from the Atlantic provinces of Canada traded codfish and beer for rum and sugar. Cuba was the first country in the Caribbean selected by Canada for a diplomatic mission. Official diplomatic relations were established in 1945, when Emile Vaillancourt, a noted writer and historian, was designated Canada's representative in Cuba. Canada and Mexico were the only two countries in the hemisphere to maintain uninterrupted diplomatic relations with Cuba following the Cuban Revolution in 1959.

In 1994, a joint venture was formed between the Cuban Nickel Union and the Canadian firm Sherritt International, which operates a mining and processing plant on the island in Moa. A second enterprise, Cobalt Refinery Co. Inc., was created in Alberta for nickel refining. Canada has been critical of the U.S. trade embargo against Cuba, and strongly objected to the Helms-Burton Act. In 1996 Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy stated: "Canada shares the U.S. objectives of improving human rights standards and moving to more representative government in Cuba. But we are concerned that the Helms-Burton Act takes the wrong approach. That is why we have been working with other countries to uphold the principles of international law". In 1996 a Private Member's Bill was introduced, but not made law, in the Canadian Parliament; this law called the Godfrey–Milliken Bill was in response to the extraterritoriality of the aforementioned Act.

Former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and Fidel Castro were personal friends. Castro was among Pierre Trudeau's pallbearers at his funeral in 2000. Former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and Fidel Castro also maintained a close relationship.

  • Canada has an embassy in Havana.[39]
  • Cuba has an embassy in Ottawa.[40]
Chile}} See Chile–Cuba relations{{see also|Fidel Castro's state visit to Chile}}

Cuba has been since the 1960s a reference point to left wing politicians in Chile. Recently relations to Cuba has been hot subject in Concertación politics since the Christian Democrat Party of Chile, member of the Concertación, has supported a harder line in the diplomatic relations with Cuba while the Socialist Party of Chile has opposed this.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}

In 1971, despite an Organization of American States convention that no nation in the Western Hemisphere would have a relationship with Cuba (the only exception being Mexico, which had refused to adopt that convention), Castro took a month-long visit to Chile, following the re-establishment of diplomatic relations with Cuba. The visit, in which Castro participated actively in the internal politics of the country, holding massive rallies and giving public advice to Salvador Allende, was seen by those on the political right as proof to support their view that "The Chilean Way to Socialism" was an effort to put Chile on the same path as Cuba.[41]

  • Chile has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Santiago.
Colombia}}

Cuba gave training, money, medicines, weapons and safe haven to members of Colombian guerrilla movements, especially to the ELN and also to members of the FARC, both of which were founded in the early 1960s. In the years leading up to his death, Fidel Castro made gestures of reconciliation with different Colombian government administrations, and has been considered responsible for facilitating talks between them and the opposing guerrilla groups.

  • Colombia has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Bogotá.
Costa Rica}} Costa Rica broke relations with Cuba in 1961 to protest Cuban support of the left in Central America and renewed formal diplomatic ties with Fidel Castro's government in March 2009. In 1995, Costa Rica established a consular office in Havana. Cuba opened a consular office in Costa Rica in 2001, but relations continued to be difficult. In 2006, shortly after the death of Augusto Pinochet, Costa Rican President Óscar Arias compared Fidel Castro's human rights record to that of the former Chilean president. In response, Cuban officials released a statement describing the Washington aligned Arias as a "vulgar mercenary" of U.S. officials, and asserting that Washington "always had on hand another opportunistic clown ready to follow its aggressive plans against Cuba."[42][43]
  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in San José.
Dominican Republic}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Santo Domingo.
  • Dominican Republic has an embassy in Havana.
Ecuador}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Quito.
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Havana.
El Salvador}}

Cuba and El Salvador resumed diplomatic relations on June 1, 2009. El Salvador previously suspended diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961 due to the Cuban Revolution.[44] Diplomatic ties were resumed after El Salvador's new president Mauricio Funes, who had pledged to reestablish them, was sworn into office. El Salvador is also the very last Latin American nation to resume diplomatic relations with Cuba.

  • Cuba has an embassy in San Salvador.
  • El Salvador has an embassy in Havana.
Grenada}} See Cuba–Grenada relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in St. George's.
  • Grenada has an embassy in Havana.
Guatemala}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Guatemala City.
  • Guatemala has an embassy in Havana.
Guyana}} 1972
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on December 8, 1972[45].
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Georgetown.
  • Guyana has an embassy in Havana.
Haiti}} See Cuba-Haiti relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
  • Haiti has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba resumed relations with Haiti in 1997 and since has sent thousands of doctors to Haiti since relations were re-established in 1997, performing hundreds of thousands of surgeries, medical consultations and have trained over 1,000 Haitian doctors at its medical schools. In addition, over 100,000 people in Haiti have become literate thru Cuban efforts.
Honduras}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Tegucigalpa.
  • Honduras has an embassy in Havana.
Jamaica}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Kingston.
  • Jamaica has an embassy in Havana.
Mexico}} 1902 See Cuba–Mexico relations

Before the Cuban revolution, Mexico was the country where several Cubans were exiled fleeing political persecution by the government of Batista like Julio Antonio Mella, Juan Marinello, Fidel Castro and Raúl Castro.

After the Cuban revolution when Cuba was expelled from the Organization of American States, Mexico did not support this resolution and abstained, claiming a non-intervention policy. Relations were stable from 1934 to 1998.

Although the relationship between Cuba and Mexico remains strained, each side appears to make attempts to improve it. In 1998, Fidel Castro apologized when he said that "Mexican kids knew Mickey Mouse better than national heroes of their own country", which led Mexico to recall its ambassador from Havana.[46] Rather, he said, his words were meant to underscore the cultural dominance of the US.[47]

Mexican President Vicente Fox apologized to Fidel Castro in 2002 over statements by Castro, who had taped their telephone conversation, to the effect that Fox forced him to leave a United Nations summit in Mexico so that he would not be in the presence of President Bush, who also attended.[48]

In 2004, Mexico suspended relations with Cuba after businessman Carlos Ahumada was arrested and deported to Mexico and the paperwork provided by the Cuban government proved that there was a plan from the Mexican government to make a complot against the potential presidential candidate from the opposition party Andrés Manuel López Obrador. In April 2012, Mexican president Felipe Calderón made a two-day visit to Havana. In January 2014, Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto paid an official visit to Cuba.[49]

  • Cuba has an embassy in Mexico City and consulates-general in Mérida, Monterrey and Veracruz City and a consular office in Cancún.[50]
  • Mexico has an embassy in Havana.[51]
Nicaragua}}

Cuba developed close relations with the 1979 Sandinista government in Nicaragua (having supported the Sandinista insurgency against Anastasio Somoza's rule). Cuba proved to be the organization's chief international ally in the civil war against the U.S.-backed Contras. Cuba transported weapons to Panama. From Panama, the Cuban weapons would be taken through Costa Rica to Nicaragua.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Cuba continues to have close relations with the Sandinista National Liberation Front, since being re-elected in 2006 for the first time since 1984, they are again the governing party of Nicaragua.

  • Cuba has an embassy in Managua.
  • Nicaragua has an embassy in Havana.
Panama}}

Cuba and Panama have restored diplomatic ties after breaking them off in 2004 when Panama's former president Mireya Moscoso pardoned four Cubans, including Luis Posada Carriles, who were accused of attempting to assassinate Cuban President Fidel Castro. The foreign minister of each country re-established official diplomatic relations in Havana by signing a document describing a spirit of fraternity that has long linked both nations.[52] In March 2009, the governments of Costa Rica and El Salvador announced that they plan on re-establishing full diplomatic relations with Cuba.[53]

  • Cuba has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in Havana.
Paraguay}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Asunción.
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Havana.
Peru}} See Cuba–Peru relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Lima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Havana.
Suriname}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Paramaribo.
  • Suriname has an embassy in Havana.
United States}} See Cuba–United States relations

The Cuban Revolution led to the deterioration of relations between the two countries, and diplomatic ties were broken on January 3, 1961 after the Eisenhower administration rejected a demand from Fidel Castro to reduce the number of US embassy personnel in Havana. However, since December 2014, relations have improved greatly, and on July 20, 2015, Cuba and the United States re-opened diplomatic relations, upgrading their "interest sections" to embassies. In December 2014, US President Barack Obama and Cuban President Raúl Castro announced the start of the process to normalize diplomatic relations between the two countries, following 18 months of secret negotiations in Canada and Vatican City. Although relations have greatly improved since then, the United States still holds a trade embargo against Cuba, making it illegal for American companies to do business in Cuba. However, Barack Obama has called for an end to the embargo, saying that it failed to get Cuba to abandon one-party rule.

  • Cuba has an embassy in Washington, D.C.[54]
  • United States has an embassy in Havana.[55]
Uruguay}} See Cuba–Uruguay relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Montevideo.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Havana.
Venezuela}} See Cuba–Venezuela relations

Relations between Cuba and Venezuela significantly improved during the Presidency of Hugo Chávez. Chávez formed a major alliance with Cuban president Fidel Castro and significant trade relationship with Cuba since his election in 1999. The warm relationship between the two countries continued to intensify.[56] Hugo Chávez described Castro as his mentor[57] and called Cuba "a revolutionary democracy".[58]

Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez was a close ally of Fidel Castro, and described the Fidel Castro–Hugo Chávez–Evo Morales relationship as an "Axis of good". Chávez's formulation is a play on the "axis of evil" phrase used by President Bush when describing governments such as those of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea in his 2002 State of the Union Address. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has agreed to barter Venezuelan oil, in exchange for Cuban medical assistance.

On December 15, 2004, an agreement called the ALBA (Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas) was signed to eliminate tariffs and import duties and promote investment as well as technical and educational cooperation between the two countries. Venezuela and Cuba have been close trading partners since a cooperative agreement was signed between them on October 30, 2000. The new agreement meant that Cuban goods and services were to be paid for with Venezuela products and currency. Venezuela will transfer technology, finance development projects in the agriculture, service, energy and infrastructures sectors. Cuba, in addition to providing over 15,000 medical professionals who participate in Barrio Adentro, a social program which provides Cuban healthcare treatment to Venezuelans and trains doctors and specialists, will grant 2,000 annual scholarships to Venezuelan students. Also, the agreement commits the two countries to work together with other Latin American countries to fight illiteracy.[59]

In 2005 the two countries also signed cooperation agreements in the area of energy and electricity, an accord between Venezuela's oil company PDVSA and its Cuban counterpart Cupet to buy and sell crude oil and a crude oil storage agreement between the two companies.[60]

Hugo Chávez, who said he was one of the few people in the world who knew Castro's illness from July 31, 2006, helped Cuba undermine a strict U.S. embargo by sending cheap oil and boosting commercial relations. Agreements between Cuba and Venezuela, the world's No. 5 oil exporter, have brought more than 20,000 Cuban doctors to Venezuela to provide medical services for the poor. The program, one of numerous oil-funded social projects, helped Chávez build a strong political support base, and he won a reelection bid in December 2006.[61]

A White House point man on plans for a post-Castro transition, Caleb McCarry, recently told The Miami Herald that U.S. estimates of total Venezuelan subsidies to Cuba per year "are up to the $2 billion figure." This is comparable to the $4 billion to $6 billion that the Soviet Union once pumped into Cuba per year.[62]

  • Cuba has an embassy in Caracas.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Havana.

Asia

RegionFormal Relations BeganNotes
Armenia}} 27 March 1992
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 1992.[63]
  • Armenia is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.[63]
  • Cuba is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[63]
Azerbaijan}}
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Baku.
China}} See China–Cuba relations

As the economy of the Soviet Union fell into a decline which ultimately led to its collapse in 1991, the People's Republic of China has emerged as a new key partner for Cuba's foreign relations and the guardian of socialist countries around the world. Relations between Cuba and China continue to grow including deals for China to set up a possible military base in Cuba, similar to the Bejucal Base and an agreement was signed between China and Cuba for China open more factories producing local goods such as televisions. Cuba has also purchased from China a wide range of items including bicycles, rice cookers, energy-saving lightbulbs and diesel-electric locomotives with the aim of providing a boost to Cuba's national infrastructure.[64]

  • China has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Guangzhou and Shanghai.
East Timor}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Dili.
  • East Timor has an embassy in Havana.
Georgia}}18 April 1992
  • Cuba is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan.
  • Georgia has an embassy in Havana.
India}} See Cuba–India relations

Relations between India and Cuba have generally been warm and cordial since the Cuban revolution. Both nations are part of the Non-Aligned Movement and Cuba has repeatedly called for a more "democratic" representation of the United Nations Security Council, supporting India's candidacy for permanent membership on a reformed Security Council.[65] Fidel Castro had said that "The maturity of India…, its unconditional adherence to the principles which lay at the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement give us the assurances that under the wise leadership of Indira Gandhi (the former Prime Minister of India), the non-aligned countries will continue advancing in their inalienable role as a bastion for peace, national independence and development…"

[66]

India provided Cuba with 10,000 tonnes of wheat and 10,000 tonnes of rice in 1992 when Cuba was undergoing hardship.Fidel Castro termed the donation as the "Bread of India" because it was sufficient for one loaf of bread for each one of the then Cuban population of eleven million people.[66]

India also provided donations worth two million dollars during the Cuban earthquake.[67]

  • Cuba has an embassy in New Delhi.
  • India has an embassy in Havana.
Indonesia}} See Cuba–Indonesia relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Jakarta.
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Havana.
Iran}} See Iran–Cuba relations

Iran has a productive trade balance with Cuba. The two governments signed a document to bolster cooperation in Havana in January 2006.[68] President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad called relations "firm and progressive" over the past three decades.[69] Ahmadinejad made an official visit to the island in January 2012 as part of a series of official visits to various countries in Latin America.[70] During his brief stay in Cuba, Ahmadinejad met with Fidel Castro and said that the two countries were "fighting on the same front."[71]

  • Cuba has an embassy in Tehran.
  • Iran has an embassy in Havana.
Iraq}} See Cuba–Iraq relations
  • Cuba is accredited to Iraq from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
  • Iraq is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.
Israel}} See Cuba–Israel relations

On 29 November 1947, Cuba voted against the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, the Cuban delegation stating they would vote against partition because they could not be party to coercing the majority in Palestine.[72] Nevertheless, Israel came into being on 14 May 1948, and Cuba recognised the State of Israel de facto on 14 January 1949. In March 1949 Cuba voted in the UN Security Council in favour of admission of Israel to the United Nations, and recognised Israel de jure on 18 April 1949.[73] In May of that year Cuba also voted in favour of Israel's admission to the UN in the UN General Assembly.

Israel-Cuba relations have been icy since the 1960s. Cuba didn't succumb to Arab pressure to sever relations with Israel, but sent troops to fight against Israel during the War of Attrition (1967–70), and also joined the expeditionary forces during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, and broke diplomatic relations with Israel the same year. Israel has been the only country to consistently vote with the U.S. in the UN General Assembly against the annual resolution criticizing the embargo, which began in 1992.

In late 2010, Fidel Castro, who no longer held office in Cuba's government, stated that he believes Israel has a "right to exist", which is a shift from his regime's earlier policy.[74] Margalit Bejarano posed in 2015 that any future relationship between Israel and Cuba will not solely rest on the course that will take Havana-Washington ties, but will also factor in Cuba's dependence on Iran, on Venezuela and its closeness to the Palestinians.[75][76]

In the light of the thaw in US-Cuba relations, the Israeli government is re-examining the state of its relations with Cuba – Israel is presently represented in Cuba through an interest section in the Canadian embassy.[77]

Japan}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Havana.
Kazakhstan}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Astana.
  • Kazakhstan has a consulate-general in Havana.
  • Cuba is the only country in the Caribbean that maintains an embassy in Kazakhstan.
Lebanon}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Havana.
Malaysia}} See Cuba–Malaysia relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Havana.
North Korea}} 29 August 1960 See Cuba–North Korea relations

The Republic of Cuba has had diplomatic relations with North Korea since 29 August 1960.[78] Cuba maintains an embassy in Pyongyang and North Korea maintains an embassy in Havana. Che Guevara then a Cuban government minister visited North Korea in 1960 and proclaimed it a model for Cuba to follow.[79] Cuban leader Fidel Castro visited in 1986. In 2013 a North Korean cargo ship seized while travelling through the Panama Canal and was found to be carrying weapons from Cuba, apparently to be repaired in North Korea. The ship was later returned to the North Korean government.

Pakistan}} See Cuba–Pakistan relations

The relations between the two countries strengthened after Cuba provided humanitarian assistance to the victims of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Both nations continue to strengthen the bilateral relations especially in the fields of higher education, agriculture, industry and science and technology and have also held talks for military cooperation. In March 2008 ambassador Gustavo Machin Gomez met Gen. Tariq Majid, the Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC) at Joint Staff Headquarters and discussed issues related to military cooperation. Both of them expressed positive views over the increasing relations between the two nations and were optimistic that the bilateral cooperation will expand in different fields. Majid stressed that Pakistan has formed strong defence infrastructure both in defence production and in shape of military academies to provide help and cooperation to the Military of Cuba. He also said that both countries should use their capacity for expanding military cooperation. In an interview with Overseas Pakistani Friends, Machin Gomez suggested further ways that Cuba and Pakistan might be able to help each other.[80]

  • Cuba has an embassy in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Havana.
Philippines}} See Cuba-Philippines relations

Like Cuba, the Philippines was once a Spanish possession, and Spanish rule in both colonies ended with the victory of the United States in the Spanish–American War. Provisions in the subsequent 1898 Treaty of Paris gave Cuba independence while giving the Philippine Islands over to American control, which was gradually lessened until the country achieved full sovereignty on 4 July 1946. Despite the Philippines being a long-time American ally, it has denounced the American sanctions against Cuba.[81]

  • Cuba is accredited to the Philippines from its embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Philippines is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.
Qatar}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Havana.
Saudi Arabia}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Havana.
South Korea}}

There is no official-level diplomatic relation between the Cuba and South Korea. Despite this there has been unofficial interactions in the economic level between the two countries. For instance South Korea's Hyundai Heavy Industries sent Packaged power station mobile generators to Cuba for the country's power grids. A picture of a PPS was later incorporated into the 10 Cuban convertible peso banknote.[82]

Turkey}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Havana.
United Arab Emirates}}
  • Cuba is accredited to the United Arab Emirates from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Havana.
Vietnam}} December 1960 See Cuba–Vietnam relations

Diplomatic relations between the two countries was established in December 1960. Since then, Vietnam has become Cuba's second-largest trading partner in Asia, with Vietnam trailing behind China. Vietnam, just as Cuba is, is a Communist state and socialist state.[83]

Europe

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
European Union}} See Cuba–European Union relations

European Union (EU) relations with Cuba are governed by the Common Position, as approved by the European Council of Ministers in 1996, which is updated every six months following regular evaluations. According to the Common Position "the objective of the European Union in its relations with Cuba is to encourage a process of transition to a pluralist democracy and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as sustainable recovery and improvement in the living standards of the Cuban people". Cuba rejects the Common Position as interference in its internal affairs. There is an EU Delegation in Havana that works under the responsibility of the EC Delegation in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

Cuba benefits from the GPS (Generalized Preference System) preferential treatment for its exports. Furthermore, Cuba does not benefit from the ACP-EU Sugar Protocol but from a sugar quota granted by the EU (some 59,000 tonnes per year; duty paid on this quota is EUR 98/t).[84]

Andorra}}19 October 1995
  • Andorra does not have an accreditation to Cuba.
  • Cuba is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.
Austria}}
  • Austria has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Vienna.
Belgium}}
  • Belgium has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Brussels.
Bulgaria}}
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Havana
  • Cuba has an embassy in Sofia.
Czech Republic}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Prague.
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Havana.
France}} See Cuba–France relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Paris.[85]
  • France has an embassy in Havana.[86]
Germany}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Havana.
Greece}} See Cuba–Greece relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Athens.
  • Greece has an embassy in Havana.
Holy See}} See Cuba–Holy See relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See.
  • Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Havana.
Hungary}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Havana.
Iceland}}
  • Cuba is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Iceland is accredited to Cuba from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations based in New York City.
Ireland}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Dublin.[87]
  • Ireland is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.[88]
Italy}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Rome.[89]
  • Italy has an embassy in Havana.[90]
Netherlands}}

Cuba-Netherlands Relations are diplomatic relations between Cuba and the Netherlands, The Netherlands is Cuba's Trading Partner in the Caribbean While Cuba is the trading partner of the Netherlands in Europe.

  • Cuba has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Rotterdam.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Havana.
Norway}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Norway has an embassy in Havana.
Poland}} 1933See Cuba–Poland relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Havana.
Portugal}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Havana.
Russia}} See Cuba–Russia relations

Relations between the two countries suffered somewhat during the Boris Yeltsin administration, as Cuba was forced to look for new major allies, such as China, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Relations improved when Vladimir Putin was elected as the new Russian President. Putin, and later Dmitry Medvedev, emphasized re-establishing strong relations with old Soviet allies. In 2008, Medvedev visited Havana and Raúl Castro made a week-long trip to Moscow. In that same year the two governments signed multiple economic agreements and Russia sent tons of humanitarian aid to Cuba. Cuba, meanwhile, gave staunch political support for Russia during the 2008 South Ossetia war. Relations between the two nations are currently at a post-Soviet high, and talks about potentially re-establishing a Russian military presence in Cuba are even beginning to surface.

  • Cuba has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Havana.
Serbia}} See Cuba–Serbia relations

Cuba and Serbia have a long history of diplomatic relations from the period of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia when both countries were members of Non-Aligned Movement. Cuba supports Serbia in its stance towards Kosovo considering Kosovo's independence an illegitimate act and a violation of international law and principles of the United Nations Charter.[91] Serbia supports Cuba at the United Nations in condemning the United States embargo.[92]

  • Cuba has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Havana.
Spain}} 1899 See Cuba–Spain relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Madrid with consulates-general in Barcelona, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Santiago de Compostela and Seville.[93]
  • Spain has an embassy in Havana.[94]
Sweden}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Havana.
Ukraine}}
  • Cuba has an embassy in Kiev.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Havana.
United Kingdom}} See Cuba–United Kingdom relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in London.[95]
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Havana.[96]

Oceania

{{Main|Cuban-Pacific relations}}

Cuba has two embassies in Oceania, located in Wellington (opened in November 2007)[97] and also one in Canberra opened October 24, 2008. It also has a Consulate General in Sydney.[98] However, Cuba has official diplomatic relations with Nauru since 2002[99] and the Solomon Islands since 2003,[100] and maintains relations with other Pacific countries by providing aid.

In 2008, Cuba will reportedly be sending doctors to the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Nauru and Papua New Guinea,[101] while seventeen medical students from Vanuatu will study in Cuba.[102] It may also provide training for Fiji doctors. Indeed, Fiji's ambassador to the United Nations, Berenado Vunibobo, has stated that his country may seek closer relations with Cuba, and in particular medical assistance, following a decline in Fiji's relations with New Zealand.[103]

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia}} 1989

Australia and Cuba have a growing relationship on positive terms. Relations began in 1989. Relations were given a rebirth in 2009 when the foreign minister Stephen Smith visited Cuba. In 2010, Cuba's foreign minister Bruno Rodríguez visited Australia. The ministers signed a memorandum of understanding in political cooperation between the foreign ministries and for closer bilateral relations. There is a Cuban embassy in Australia. It was opened on 24 October 2008. There are only two Australia–Cuba bilateral treaties, extended to Australia by the British Empire covering extradition.

  • Australia is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.[104]
  • Cuba has an embassy in Canberra.[105]
Fiji}} 1972
  • Fiji is accredited to Cuba from its High Commission in New Delhi, India.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Suva.
Kiribati}} See Cuba–Kiribati relations

Relations between Cuba and Kiribati are nascent, having developed in the 2000s (decade). Like other countries in Oceania, Kiribati is a beneficiary of Cuban medical aid; bilateral relations between Tarawa and Havana should be viewed within the scope of Cuba's regional policy in Oceania.

There are currently sixteen Cuban doctors providing specialised medical care in Kiribati, with sixteen more scheduled to join them.[106] Cubans have also offered training to I-Kiribati doctors.[107] Cuban doctors have reportedly provided a dramatic improvement to the field of medical care in Kiribati, reducing the child mortality rate in that country by 80 percent,[108] and winning the proverbial hearts and minds in the Pacific. In response, the Solomon Islands began recruiting Cuban doctors in July 2007, while Papua New Guinea and Fiji considered following suit.[108]

Nauru}}

In June 2007, Nauru adopted the "Cuban literacy method", reportedly used also in several other countries.[109] In October 2007, Nauruan Foreign Minister and Trade Minister David Adeang travelled to Cuba to strengthen relations between the two island nations.[110] This led to the creation of a Cuba-Nauru Joint Intergovernmental Commission for Economic Cooperation.[111] An unspecified number of Cuban doctors are serving in Nauru.

New Zealand}}

Regarding relations with New Zealand, Cuban ambassador José Luis Robaina García said his country had "admiration for New Zealand's independent foreign policy".[97]

  • Cuba has an embassy in Wellington.[112]
  • New Zealand is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.[113]
Solomon Islands}} See Cuba – Solomon Islands relations

Relations between the Solomon Islands and Cuba have only a short history. The two countries moved to establish relations from the 2000s (decade), and particularly from 2007, within the context of Cuba's growing interest in the Pacific Islands region. Like other countries in Oceania, Solomon Islands is a beneficiary of Cuban medical aid; bilateral relations between Havana and Honiara must be viewed within the scope of Cuba's regional policy in Oceania.

In April 2007, the Solomon Star reported that the Solomon Islands' High Commissioner to the United Nations was soon to be sworn in as Ambassador to Cuba.[114] In September 2007, it was announced that 40 Cuban doctors would be sent to the Solomon Islands.[115] The Solomons' Minister of Foreign Affairs Patterson Oti said that Solomon Islander doctors would "learn from their Cuban colleagues in specialized areas".[116] In addition to providing doctors, Cuba provided scholarships for 50 Solomon Islanders to study medicine in Cuba for free.[100][117]

Tuvalu}} See Cuba–Tuvalu relations

Relations between Tuvalu and Cuba are recent, having developed in the 2000s (decade). Like other countries in Oceania, Tuvalu is a beneficiary of Cuban medical aid; bilateral relations between Funafuti and Havana must be viewed within the scope of Cuba's regional policy in Oceania.

Vanuatu}} See Cuba–Vanuatu relations

Relations between the Republic of Vanuatu and Cuba began shortly after the former gained its independence from France and the United Kingdom in 1980, and began establishing its own foreign policy as a newly independent state. Vanuatu and Cuba established official diplomatic relations in 1983.[118]

International organizations and groups

ACS • ALBA • AOSIS • CELAC • CTO • ECLAC • G33 • G77 • IAEA • ICAO • ICRM • IFAD • ILO • IMO • Interpol • IOC • ISO • ITU • LAES • NAM • OAS • OEI • OPANAL • OPCW • PAHO • Rio Group • UN • UNCTAD • UNESCO • UPU • WCO • WHO • WIPO • WMO

Caribbean Community (CARICOM)

Ties between the nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and Cuba have remained cordial over the course of the later half of the 20th century.[119] Formal diplomatic relations between the CARICOM economic giants: Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago have existed since 1972,[120][121] and have over time led to an increase in cooperation between the CARICOM Heads of Government and Cuba. At a summit meeting of sixteen Caribbean countries in 1998, Fidel Castro called for regional unity, saying that only strengthened cooperation between Caribbean countries would prevent their domination by rich nations in a global economy.[122] Cuba, for many years regionally isolated, increased grants and scholarships to the Caribbean countries.

To celebrate ties between the Caribbean Community and Cuba in 2002 the Heads of Government of Cuba and CARICOM have designated the day of December 8 to be called 'CARICOM-Cuba Day'.[123] The day is the exact date of the formal opening of diplomatic relations between the first CARICOM-four and Cuba.

In December 2005, during the second CARICOM/CUBA summit held in Barbados, heads of CARICOM and Cuba agreed to deepen their ties in the areas of socio-economic and political cooperation in addition to medical care assistance. Since the meeting, Cuba has opened four additional embassies in the Caribbean Community including: Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Suriname, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. This development makes Cuba the only nation to have embassies in all independent countries of the Caribbean Community.[124] CARICOM and Canadian politicians[125] have jointly maintained that through the International inclusion of Cuba, a more positive change might indeed be brought about there (politically) as has been witnessed in the People's Republic of China.

Cuban cooperation with the Caribbean was extended by a joint health programme between Cuba and Venezuela named Operación Milagro, set up in 2004. The initiative is part of the Sandino commitment, which sees both countries coming together with the aim of offering free ophthalmology operations to an estimated 4.5 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean over a ten-year period.[126] According to Denzil Douglas, the prime minister of St. Kitts and Nevis and the current Caricom chairman, more than 1,300 students from member nations are studying in Cuba while more than 1,000 Cuban doctors, nurses and other technicians are working throughout the region. In 1998 Trinidad Prime Minister Patrick Manning had a heart valve replacement surgery in Cuba and returned in 2004 to have a pacemaker implanted.

In December 2008 the CARICOM Heads of Government opened the third Cuba-CARICOM Summit in Cuba. The summit is to look at closer integration of the Caribbean Community and Cuba.[127] During the summit the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) bestowed Fidel Castro with the highest honour of CARICOM, The Honorary Order of the Caribbean Community which is presented in exceptional circumstances to those who have offered their services in an outstanding way and have made significant contributions to the region.[128][129]

In 2017 Cuba and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) bloc signed the "CARICOM-Cuba Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement"[130]

Organization of American States

{{Main|Cuban relations with the Organization of American States}}

Cuba was formerly excluded from participation in the Organization of American States under a decision adopted by the Eighth Meeting of Consultation in Punta del Este, Uruguay, on 21 January 1962. The resolution stated that as Cuba had officially identified itself as a Marxist–Leninist government, it was incompatible with "the principles and objectives of the inter-American system."[131] This stance was frequently questioned by some member states. This situation came to an end on 3 June 2009, when foreign ministers assembled in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, for the OAS's 39th General Assembly, passed a vote to lift Cuba's suspension from the OAS. In its resolution (AG/RES 2438), the General Assembly decided that:

  1. Resolution VI, [...] which excluded the Government of Cuba from its participation in the Inter-American system, hereby ceases to have effect
  2. The participation of the Republic of Cuba in the OAS will be the result of a process of dialogue initiated at the request of the Government of Cuba, and in accordance with the practices, purposes, and principles of the OAS.

The reincorporation of Cuba as an active member had arisen regularly as a topic within the inter-American system (e.g., it was intimated by the outgoing ambassador of Mexico in 1998)[132] but most observers did not see it as a serious possibility while the Socialist government remained in power. On 6 May 2005, President Fidel Castro reiterated that the island nation would not "be part of a disgraceful institution that has only humiliated the honor of Latin American nations".[133]

In an editorial published by Granma, Fidel Castro applauded the Assembly's "rebellious" move and said that the date would "be recalled by future generations."[134] However, a Declaration of the Revolutionary Government dated 8 June 2009 stated that while Cuba welcomed the Assembly's gesture, in light of the Organization's historical record "Cuba will not return to the OAS".[135]

Cuba joined the Latin American Integration Association becoming the tenth member (out of 12) on 26 August 1999. The organization was set up in 1980 to encourage trade integration association. Its main objective is the establishment of a common market, in pursuit of the economic and social development of the region.

On September 15, 2006, Cuba officially took over leadership of the Non-Aligned Movement during the 14th summit of the organization in Havana.[136]

Cuban intervention abroad: 1959 – Early 1990s

{{Refimprove section|date=June 2006}}

Aided by a massive buildup of Soviet advisors, military personnel, and advanced weaponry during the Cold War, Cuba became a staunch ally of the USSR during Castro's rule, modeling its political structure after that of the CPSU. Owing to this huge amount of support, Cuba became a major sponsor of Marxist "wars of national liberation" not only in Latin America, but worldwide.

Black Panthers

In the 1960s and 1970s, Cuba openly supported the black nationalist and Marxist-oriented Black Panther Party of the U.S. Many members found their way into Cuba for political asylum, where Cuba welcomed them after they had been convicted of crimes in the U.S.

Palestine

Cuba also lent support to Palestinian nationalist groups against Israel, namely the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and lesser-known Marxist–Leninist Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). Fidel Castro called Israel practices "Zionist Fascism." The Palestinians received training from Cuba's General Intelligence Directorate, as well as financial and diplomatic support from the Cuban government. However, in 2010, Castro indicated that he strongly supported Israel's right to exist.[137][dead link]

Irish Republicans

The Irish Republican political party, Sinn Féin has political links to the Cuban government. Fidel Castro expressed support for the Irish Republican cause of a United Ireland. The Cuban government supported and still supports the Republican cause, but opposed the attacks which took place on civilian targets by Sinn Féin's allies.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Humanitarian aid

{{see also|Cuban medical internationalism}}

Since the establishment of the Revolutionary Government of Cuba in 1959, the country has sent more than 52,000 medical workers abroad to work in needy countries, including countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.[138] There are currently about 20,000 Cuban doctors working in 68 countries across three continents, including a 135-strong medical team in Java, Indonesia.[139]

Read more about Cuba's medical collaboration in Africa at:
  • White Coats by the Gambia River[140]
Cuba provides Medical Aid to Children Affected by Chernobyl Nuclear Accident:
  • The children of Chernobyl in My Memory[141]

List of Foreign Ministers of Cuba

{{Main|List of Foreign Ministers of Cuba}}

See also

{{Portal|Cuba}}
  • Censorship in Cuba
  • Cocktail Wars
  • Human rights in Cuba
  • Intelligence Directorate
  • List of diplomatic missions in Cuba
  • List of diplomatic missions of Cuba

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2004:076E:0384:0386:EN:PDF|title=EU-Cuba relations}}
2. ^[https://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/c/13238.htm Cuba (09/01)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617093136/https://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/c/13238.htm |date=2018-06-17 }} US Department of State report
3. ^Cuba Takes Over Chair of ACS Transport Committee Caribbean Investor
4. ^How Cuba Fits into Brazil's Plans {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202015109/http://www.brazzilmag.com/content/view/800/41/ |date=2009-12-02 }} Brazzilmag
5. ^Cuba Asks to Join Mercosur {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228074452/http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=199 |date=2008-02-28 }} The Trumpet
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/HISTOR~7.htm |title=History of Cuba |publisher=Emayzine.com |accessdate=2012-03-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415064039/http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/Histor~7.htm |archivedate=2012-04-15 |df= }}
7. ^{{cite web|last=Castro |first=Fidel |authorlink= |date=August 1968 |url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/castro/1968/19680824 |title=Castro comments on Czechoslovakia crisis |website= |pages= |publisher=FBIS |accessdate= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515022952/http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/castro/1968/19680824 |archivedate=2011-05-15 |df= }}
8. ^The Havana Obsession: Why All Eyes are on a Bankrupt Island by Moisés Naím, Newsweek, June 22, 2009
9. ^1 Pamela S. Falk, "Cuba in Africa." Foreign Affairs 65.5 (1987): 1077-1096. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20043202 online]
10. ^{{cite book|last=Quirk|first=Robert|authorlink=|date= August 1995|url=|title=Fidel Castro|work=|pages=|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company}}
11. ^Wolf Grabendorff, "Cuba's involvement in Africa: An interpretation of objectives, reactions, and limitations." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 22.1 (1980): 3-29, quoting p. 5. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/165610 online]
12. ^Louis A. Pérez, Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution (5th ed. 2015) pp 300-301.
13. ^Nelson Mandela
14. ^1 {{cite web|last=O'Grady |first=Mary Anastasia |date=2005-10-30 |url=http://www.cubacenter.org/media/news_articles/countingcastrosvictims.php |title=Counting Castro's Victims |publisher=Wallstreet Journal, Center for a Free Cuba |accessdate=2006-05-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418094333/http://www.cubacenter.org/media/news_articles/countingcastrosvictims.php |archivedate=2006-04-18 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
15. ^Return to Havana by Maurice Halperin
16. ^{{cite web | date = 2006-08-25 | url = http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=1892 | title = Recipient Grants: Center for a Free Cuba | accessdate = 2006-08-25 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070828125037/http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=1892 | archivedate = 2007-08-28 | df = }}
17. ^Pérez, Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution (5th ed. 2015) pp 300-301.
18. ^Pol De Vos, et al. "Cuba's international cooperation in health: an overview." International Journal of Health Services 37.4 (2007): 761-776. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pol_De_Vos/publication/5776693_Cuba%27s_International_Cooperation_in_Health_An_Overview/links/5448aaa20cf2d62c3052ad8e.pdf online]
19. ^Quirk, Fidel Castro, pp 718-21, 782-83
20. ^Pérez, Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution (5th ed. 2015) p 301.
21. ^H. V. Hodson, ed. The annual register : a record of world events 1979 (1980) pp 372-75.
22. ^{{cite web |date=1989-11-09 | url = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r101:S17NO9-1592: | title = Castro Laments 'Very Sad Things' in Bloc |publisher = Washington Post |accessdate = 2006-05-22 }}
23. ^Reel, Monte. For Bolivian Majority, a New Promise; Nation's First Indian President Vows to Chart Course Independent of U.S. The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: 23 January 2006. pg. A.01
24. ^Bolivia to Widen Control of Industry. The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: May 3, 2006. pg. A.16
25. ^Constable, Pamela. For Bolivian Victor, A Powerful Mandate; Populist Faces Practical Constraints. The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: 20 December 2005. pg. A.01
26. ^McDonnell, Patrick J. Global Capital; Leftist Presidents Take Spotlight at Trade Summit; A South American common market welcomes Venezuela, underscoring the bloc's new politics. Cuba's Castro steals the show. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California: 22 July 2006. pg. C.4
27. ^{{cite news|last1=Patricia Maroday |title=Doing Business with Cuba – The Complete Guide |url=http://www.mercatrade.com/blog/country-profile-cuba/ |accessdate=14 February 2015 |date=12 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214100341/http://www.mercatrade.com/blog/country-profile-cuba/ |archivedate=14 February 2015 |df= }}
28. ^Embassy of Cuba in Ethiopia
29. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.havana.mfa.gov.et/Home/Embassy |title=Embassy of Ethiopia in Cuba |access-date=2017-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411090834/http://www.havana.mfa.gov.et/Home/Embassy |archive-date=2018-04-11 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
30. ^{{cite book|last=Peter|first=Abbott |author2=Helmoed-Romer Heitman |author3=Paul Hannon|title=Modern African Wars (3): South-West Africa|pages=5–13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9Aj997IO9gC | isbn=978-1-85532-122-9 | year=1991 | publisher=Osprey Publishing}}
31. ^1 Cuba-Namibia Joint Commission Meeting Kicks off in Havana{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Radio Habana, Cuba, 5 July 2005
32. ^{{cite web|title=WHO welcomes Cuban doctors for Ebola response in west Africa|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/cuban-ebola-doctors/en/|website=The World Health Organization Media Centre|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=26 September 2014|ref=WHO Statement}}
33. ^{{cite news|title=Cuba pledges 300 more doctors, nurses to combat Ebola|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/9/26/ebola-cuba-who.html|accessdate=26 September 2014|work=Al Jazeera America|agency=Al Jazeera and wire services|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=September 26, 2014|ref=AJA Ebola}}
34. ^Embassy of Cuba in South Africa
35. ^Embassy of Argentina in Cuba (in Spanish)
36. ^Embassy of Cuba in Argentina (in Spanish)
37. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.radiorebelde.cu/english/news/cuba-and-belize-celebrate-fifteenth-anniversary-of-diplomatic-relations-20100623/ | title=Cuba and Belize Celebrate Fifteenth Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations}}
38. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3266509.stm | work=BBC News | title=Cuba's new oil industry | date=2003-11-13 | accessdate=2010-05-02 | first=Tom | last=Fawthrop}}
39. ^Embassy of Canada in Cuba
40. ^Embassy of Cuba in Canada
41. ^{{cite book | last = Quirk | first = Robert | authorlink = |date= August 1995 | url = | title = Fidel Castro | work = | pages = | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company }}
42. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.mlive.com/newsflash/international/index.ssf?/base/international-10/11672682008600.xml&storylist=international |title=Cuba slams Costa Rican leader's remarks |agency=Associated Press |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165104/http://www.mlive.com/newsflash/international/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Finternational-10%2F11672682008600.xml&storylist=international |archivedate=2007-09-30 |df= }}
43. ^{{cite web | url = http://granmai.cubaweb.com/ingles/2006/diciembre/mier27/01decla.html | title = Statement from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Oscar Arias: Vain, mediocre and obsessed with being a star | publisher = Granma | accessdate = 2000-12-31 }}
44. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jdUQFbECZYRXiqkl75Rzs3cPsH6w |title=El Salvador and Cuba reestablish diplomatic ties |date=2009-06-01 |accessdate=2012-03-23}}
45. ^ 
46. ^{{cite web |url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~fcf/castroapologizes.html |title=Castro apologizes to Mexico's kids for put-down |publisher=.fiu.edu |date=1998-12-19 |accessdate=2012-07-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808044249/http://www2.fiu.edu/~fcf/castroapologizes.html |archivedate=2010-08-08 |df= }}
47. ^{{cite news |date=1998-12-19 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/238827.stm | title = Castro says sorry to Mexico | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2006-05-21 | location=London}}
48. ^{{cite news |date=2002-04-25 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1946089.stm | title = Mexico's Fox apologises to Castro | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2006-05-21 | location=London}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2014/01/28/pena-nieto-llega-a-cuba-para-reafirmar-la-amistad-entre-los-paises|title=Peña Nieto llega a Cuba para "reafirmar" la amistad entre los países|publisher=|accessdate=27 April 2016}}
50. ^Embassy of Cuba in Mexico
51. ^[https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/cuba/ Embassy of Mexico in Cuba]
52. ^{{cite news | last = Gibbs| first = Stephen| authorlink = | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4170374.stm | title = Cuba and Panama restore relations | work = | pages = | publisher = BBC News | language = | accessdate = 2006-05-21 | date=2005-08-21 | location=London}}
53. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7951908.stm|title=Cuba neighbours to restore ties |publisher= BBC News|date=2009-03-18|accessdate=2009-03-19 | location=London}}
54. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.cubadiplomatica.cu/eeuu/EN/Mission/ConsularSectioninWashington.aspx# |title=Embassy of Cuba in the United States |access-date=2017-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811104425/http://www.cubadiplomatica.cu/eeuu/EN/Mission/ConsularSectioninWashington.aspx# |archive-date=2017-08-11 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
55. ^[https://cu.usembassy.gov Embassy of the United States in Cuba]
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9403289/Cuba|title=Cuba|author=Daniel P. Erikson|accessdate=2008-06-10|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1043203&pageid=0|title=The world according to Hugo Chávez|date=2006-07-22|accessdate=2008-06-08|publisher=DNA|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618232327/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1043203&pageid=0|archivedate=2008-06-18|df=}}
58. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4179050.stm|title=Venezuela ends upbeat Cuba visit|date=2005-08-24|accessdate=2008-06-09|publisher=BBC News | location=London|first=Stephen|last=Gibbs}}
59. ^{{cite web|last=Wagner |first=Sarah |url=http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news.php?newsno=1447 |title=Venezuela and Cuba Sign New Cooperation Agreements |publisher=Venezuelanalysis.com |accessdate=2012-03-23|date=2004-12-16 }}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1835 |title=Cuba and Venezuela sign millionaire bilateral trade agreement |publisher=Bilaterals.org |accessdate=2012-03-23}}
61. ^{{cite news|title=Castro recovering and giving orders: Chavez|date=2006-09-03|publisher=Reuters|url=http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2006-09-03T213241Z_01_N03251032_RTRUKOC_0_US-CUBA-CASTR0-VENEZUELA.xml&archived=False|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025044729/http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=topNews|archivedate=2006-10-25|df=}}
62. ^  {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
63. ^1 2 {{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.am/en/country-by-country/cu/# |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702183505/http://mfa.am/en/country-by-country/cu/# |archive-date=2017-07-02 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
64. ^Cuba gets China's first trains exported to Latin America {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510171902/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2006/01/16/trains.shtml |date=2006-05-10 }} Caribbean Net News
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indembassyhavana.org/?q=en/node/9|title=Ind Embassy Havana|publisher=|accessdate=27 April 2016}}
66. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2708/stories/20100423270805500.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-06-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203145522/http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2708/stories/20100423270805500.htm |archivedate=2011-02-03 |df= }}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/india-04.htm|title=Reitera la India su apoyo a Cuba frente a políticas agresivas de Estados Unidos|publisher=|accessdate=27 April 2016}}
68. ^{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |title=Iran, Cuba sign banking agreement |url=http://www.globalexchange.org/countries/americas/cuba/3768.html |work=Islamic Republic News Agency |publisher= |date=2008-02-19 |accessdate=2008-06-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124150809/http://www.globalexchange.org/countries/americas/cuba/3768.html |archivedate=2008-01-24 |df= }}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-3/0806037601194249.htm |title=President urges Tehran-Havana cooperation in NAM – Irna |accessdate=2012-03-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210103311/http://www2.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-3/0806037601194249.htm |archivedate=2012-02-10 |df= }}
70. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/11/mahmoud-ahmadinejad-cuba_n_1200050.html | work=Huffington Post | title=PHOTOS: Ahmadinejad In Cuba | date=2012-01-11}}
71. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/12/ahmadinejad-castro_n_1202471.html | work=Huffington Post | title=Ahmadinejad: Iran And Cuba Fighting On The Same Front | date=2012-01-12}}
72. ^Palestine Vote Delayed The Times of London, 29 Nov, 1947
73. ^{{Cite book|author=Levinson, Jay|title=Jewish Community of Cuba: The Golden Age, 1906-1958|publisher=Westview Publishing Co|year=2006|page=150|isbn=978-0-9776207-0-8}}
74. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/america/2010/09/22/cuba/1285188678.html |title=Fidel Castro reconoce el derecho de Israel a la existencia como un Estado judío | Cuba |work=El Mundo|location=Spain |date=22 September 2010}}
75. ^Israel and Cuba: A New Beginning?, Margalit Bejarano. (2015). Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, IX(1), 75-85.
76. ^See also Margalit Bejarano, La Comunidad Hebrea de Cuba: La memoria y la historia, (Jerusalem: Abraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Judaism, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1996)
77. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cjnews.com/news/Israel/will-see-Israeli-cuban-rapprochement|title=Will we see an Israeli-Cuban rapprochement?|author=The CJN|date=10 August 2015|work=The Canadian Jewish News|accessdate=27 April 2016}}
78. ^{{cite book |last1=Wertz|first1=Daniel|last2=Oh|first2=JJ|last3=Kim|first3=Insung|date=August 2016|title=Issue Brief: DPRK Diplomatic Relations|publisher=The National Committee on North Korea|url=http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/NCNK_Issue_Brief_DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations.pdf|access-date=22 February 2019|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228074114/http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/NCNK_Issue_Brief_DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations.pdf|archive-date=28 December 2016|page=8}}
79. ^Bruce Cumings, Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History, W W Norton & Company, New York, 1997, p 394
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.opfblog.com/7087/interview-of-honorable-gustavo-machin-gomez-ambssador-of-cuba-in-pakistan/|title=Interview with Honorable Gustavo Machin Gomez Ambassador of Cuba in Pakistan|work=Overseas Pakistani Friends|accessdate=27 April 2016|date=2009-03-04}}
81. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/349064/cuba-thanks-philippines-support |title=Cuba thanks Philippines for support | Manila Bulletin |publisher=Mb.com.ph |date=2001-06-08 |accessdate=2012-06-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130113144430/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/349064/cuba-thanks-philippines-support |archivedate=2013-01-13 |df= }}
82. ^{{cite news | first = Ji-eun | last = Seo | title = ‘Viva Hyundai’ on a Cuban bill | date = 2007-01-30 | url = http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2871887 | work = Joongang Daily | accessdate = 2011-07-28}}
83. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.china.org.cn/world/2012-07/06/content_25840216.htm | title = Cuban leader Raul Castro to visit Vietnam | accessdate = 13 October 2012 | date = 6 July 2012 | publisher = Xinhua. China.org.ch | author = Staff writer}}
84. ^{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/comm/development/body/country/country_home_en.cfm?cid=cu&status=new |title=European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) | Countries / Territories |publisher=Ec.europa.eu |date=2010-06-21 |accessdate=2012-03-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019232940/http://ec.europa.eu/comm/development/body/country/country_home_en.cfm?cid=cu&status=new |archivedate=2006-10-19 |df= }}
85. ^Embassy of Cuba in France
86. ^[https://cu.ambafrance.org Embassy of France in Cuba]
87. ^Embassy of Cuba in Ireland
88. ^[https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/mexico/ Embassy of Ireland in Mexico]
89. ^Embassy of Cuba in Italy
90. ^Embassy of Italy in Havana
91. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Srpski/Foreinframe.htm |title=Spoljna politika |publisher=Mfa.gov.rs |accessdate=2012-07-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617213259/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Srpski/Foreinframe.htm |archivedate=2012-06-17 |df= }}
92. ^{{cite web|author=Beta |url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/aktuelno.69.html:270736-Dobri-odnosi-Kube-i-Srbije |title=Dobri odnosi Kube i Srbije | Aktuelno |publisher=Novosti.rs |date=2012-03-20 |accessdate=2012-07-26}}
93. ^Embassy of Cuba in Spain
94. ^Embassy of Spain in Cuba
95. ^{{Cite web |url=http://misiones.minrex.gob.cu/es/reinounido |title=Embassy of Cuba in the United Kingdom |access-date=2017-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916081510/http://misiones.minrex.gob.cu/es/reinounido |archive-date=2018-09-16 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
96. ^[https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-havana Embassy of the United Kingdom in Havana]
97. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4259546a11.html |title=Cuban connection runs deeper than the carnival |date=3 November 2007 |work=The Dominion Post |accessdate=30 September 2011}}
98. ^General Consulate of The Republic of Cuba in Australia {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110202140/http://embacuba.cubaminrex.cu/Default.aspx?alias=embacuba.cubaminrex.cu%2Faustraliaing |date=January 10, 2008 }}
99. ^Cuba News {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226212507/http://www.cubanews.ain.cu/2007/1001proque_nauru.htm |date=February 26, 2008 }}
100. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.solomonstarnews.com/?q=node/13224 |title=solomonstarnews.com |publisher=solomonstarnews.com |accessdate=2012-03-23}}
101. ^"Cuban Physicians to Aid 81 Nations"{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Prensa Latina, March 29, 2008
102. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=41373 |title=Vanuatu to get six doctors from Cuba |date=10 August 2008 |work=Radio New Zealand International |accessdate=30 September 2011}}
103. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=38964 |title=Fiji says Cuban help sought as neighbours turn away |date=4 April 2008 |work=Radio New Zealand International |accessdate=30 September 2011}}
104. ^Embassy of Australia in Mexico
105. ^Embassy of Cuba in Australia
106. ^Pacific Magazine: Six More Cuban Physicians To Serve In Kiribati{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
107. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=26617 |title=Kiribati discusses medical training with Cuba |date=6 September 2006 |work=Radio New Zealand International |accessdate=30 September 2011}}
108. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=33793 |title=Cuban doctors reduce Kiribati infant mortality rate by 80 percent |date=19 July 2007 |work=Radio New Zealand International |accessdate=30 September 2011}}
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110. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7B024A0C98-99F7-4CEA-92F2-B6F13A3A4A60%7D)&language=EN |title=Cuba, Nauru to Strengthen Links – Prensa Latina |publisher=Plenglish.com |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2012-03-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228023535/http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7B024A0C98-99F7-4CEA-92F2-B6F13A3A4A60%7D%29&language=EN |archivedate=2008-02-28 |df= }}
111. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cubanews.ain.cu/2007/1002nauru-cuba.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226212521/http://www.cubanews.ain.cu/2007/1002nauru-cuba.htm |title=ECONOMY|archivedate=26 February 2008|publisher=|accessdate=27 April 2016}}
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113. ^[https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/latin-america/mexico/embajada-de-nueva-zelandia Embassy of New Zealand in Mexico]
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116. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.solomonstarnews.com/?q=node/13243 |title=solomonstarnews.com |publisher=solomonstarnews.com |accessdate=2012-03-23}}
117. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=38300 |title=Cuban-trained doctors sorely needed in Solomons |date=28 February 2008 |work=Radio New Zealand International |accessdate=30 September 2011}}
118. ^{{cite book |last= Huffer |first=Elise |authorlink= |title=Grands hommes et petites îles: La politique extérieure de Fidji, de Tonga et du Vanuatu |year=1993 |publisher= |language=French | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R--2AAAACAAJ&dq |isbn=978-2-7099-1125-2 }}
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121. ^All set for Cuba/Caricom Summit – JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228073721/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20051207t210000-0500_94154_obs_all_set_for_cuba_caricom_summit.asp |date=February 28, 2008 }}
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123. ^Caribbean Net News: CARICOM-Cuba Day: 8 December – A time for Celebration {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226133925/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2004/12/07/sanders.htm |date=February 26, 2008 }}
124. ^Caribbean Net News: Cuba opens more Caribbean embassies {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415220746/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000008/000823.htm |date=April 15, 2009 }}
125. ^New focus on CARICOM/Canada relations {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302020536/http://www.caricom.org/jsp/pressreleases/pres21_98.htm |date=March 2, 2008 }}
126. ^Havana's Operation Miracle helps eye patients see light News. Scotsman
127. ^TIES THAT BIND: CUBA/CARICOM leaders talk closer cooperation{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Caribbean News Agency (CANA) – Monday, 08 December 2008
128. ^ {{dead link|date=March 2012}}
129. ^Caricom's highest honour for Fidel{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Trinidad and Tobago Express Newspaper – December 7, 2008
130. ^[https://caricom.org/Document-Library/view-document/caricom-cuba-trade-and-economic-cooperation-agreement CARICOM-Cuba Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement]
131. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cidh.oas.org/countryrep/Cuba79eng/intro.htm |title=Cuba 1979 – Introduction |publisher=Cidh.oas.org |accessdate=2012-03-23}}
132. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/OASpage/press2002/en/Press98/020498ce.htm |title=Mexico Calls for Cuba's Reinstatement into the |publisher=OAS |date=1998-02-04 |accessdate=2012-03-23}}
133. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7B2355B35C-068E-4DFE-879E-3E8836A38EA4%7D&language=EN |title=Fidel Castro: OAS Is an Instrument of the US – Prensa Latina |publisher=Plenglish.com |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2012-03-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011190122/http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7B2355B35C-068E-4DFE-879E-3E8836A38EA4%7D&language=EN |archivedate=2008-10-11 |df= }}
134. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2009/junio/mier3/Reflections-2june.html |title=The Trojan horse |author=Fidel Castro |work=Granma |date=2009-06-02 |accessdate=2009-06-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622101120/http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2009/junio/mier3/Reflections-2june.html |archivedate=2011-06-22 |df= }}
135. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2009/junio/lun8/Declaration.html |title=Declaration of the Revolutionary Government |work=Granma |date=2009-06-08 |accessdate=2009-06-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219170708/http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2009/junio/lun8/Declaration.html |archivedate=2012-02-19 |df= }}
136. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=2448962&CMP=OTC-RSSFeeds0312 |title=ABC News: ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |accessdate=2012-03-23}}
137. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gTESm0GlM9yQizdmGzrIOoEGdq0w |title=AFP: Fidel Castro firmly backs Israel's right to exist: report |date=2010-09-22 |accessdate=2012-03-23}}
138. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-236/0607178261185837.htm |title=خطای نابهنگام |publisher=Irna.ir |accessdate=2012-03-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204044323/http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-236/0607178261185837.htm |archivedate=2012-02-04 |df= }}
139. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4792071.stm | work=BBC News | title=Cuba doctors popular in quake-stricken Java | date=2006-08-18 | accessdate=2010-05-02 | first=Tom | last=Fawthrop}}
140. ^  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902091542/http://www.cadenagramonte.cu/english/health/white_coats_gambia_river.asp |date=September 2, 2008 }}
141. ^  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902091537/http://www.cadenagramonte.cu/english/health/chernobil_medical_assistance.asp |date=September 2, 2008 }}

Further reading

  • Adams, Gordon. "Cuba and Africa: The International Politics of the Liberation Struggle: A Documentary Essay" Latin American Perspectives (1981) 8#1 pp:108-125.
  • Bain, Mervyn J. "Russia and Cuba: 'doomed' comrades?." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 44.2 (2011): 111-118.
  • Bain, Mervyn J. Soviet-Cuban Relations, 1985 to 1991: Changing Perceptions in Moscow and Havana (2007)
  • Bernell, David. "The curious case of Cuba in American foreign policy." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 36.2 (1994): 65-104. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/166174 online]
  • Blue, Sarah. "Cuban Medical Internationalism: Domestic and International Impacts." Journal of Latin American Geography (2010) 9#1.
  • Domínguez, Jorge I. To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy (Harvard UP, 1989) [https://www.amazon.com/Make-World-Safe-Revolution-International/dp/0674893255/ excerpt]
  • Erisman, H. Michael, and John M. Kirk, eds. Redefining Cuban Foreign Policy: The Impact of the “Special Period” (2006)
  • Falk, Pamela S. "Cuba in Africa." Foreign Affairs 65.5 (1987): 1077-1096. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20043202 online]
  • Falk, Pamela S. Cuban Foreign Policy: Caribbean Tempest (1986).
  • Fauriol, Georges, and Eva Loser, eds. Cuba: The International Dimension (1990)
  • Feinsilver, Julie M. “Fifty Years of Cuba’s Medical Diplomacy: From Idealism to Pragmatism,” Cuban Studies 41 (2010), 85–104;
  • Gleijeses, Piero. "Moscow's Proxy? Cuba and Africa 1975–1988." Journal of Cold War Studies 8.4 (2006): 98-146. online
  • Gleijeses, Piero. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976 (2002) [https://www.questia.com/library/120089380/conflicting-missions-havana-washington-and-africa online]
  • Gleijeses, Piero. The Cuban Drumbeat. Castro’s Worldview: Cuban Foreign Policy in a Hostile World (2009)
  • Harmer, Tanya. "Two, Three, Many Revolutions? Cuba and the Prospects for Revolutionary Change in Latin America, 1967–1975." Journal of Latin American Studies 45.1 (2013): 61-89.
  • Hatzky, Christine. Cubans in Angola: South-South Cooperation and Transfer of Knowledge, 1976–1991. (U of Wisconsin Press, 2015).
  • Krull, Catherine. ed. Cuba in a Global Context: International Relations, Internationalism, and Transnationalism (2014) [https://www.questia.com/library/120088910/cuba-in-a-global-context-international-relations online]
  • Pérez-Stable, Marifeli. "The United States and Cuba since 2000." in Contemporary US-Latin American Relations (Routledge, 2010) pp. 64-83.
  • Pérez-Stable, Marifeli. The United States and Cuba: Intimate Enemies (2011) recent history [https://www.questia.com/library/120092385/the-united-states-and-cuba-intimate-enemies online]
  • Smith, Robert F. The United States and Cuba: Business and Diplomacy, 1917-1960 (1960) [https://www.questia.com/library/61721456/the-united-states-and-cuba-business-and-diplomacy online]
  • Taylor, Frank F. "Revolution, race, and some aspects of foreign relations in Cuba since 1959." Cuban Studies (1988): 19-41.

External links

{{Commons category|International relations of Cuba}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20051201181235/http://www.cubaminrex.cu/English/index.asp Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20051123101024/http://www.un.int/cuba/Pages/main1ingles.htm Cuban Mission to the United Nations]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20030813171440/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/cuba/cuba003.htm Text of U.S.- Cuban agreement on military bases]
  • Fidel Castro's 'Reflection' on U.S. Travel Restrictions Miami Herald, April 14, 2009
  • CWIHP e-Dossier No. 44, with an introduction by Piero Gleijeses (October 2013). The dossier features over 160 Cuban documents pertaining to Havana's policy toward Southern Africa in the final fifteen years of the Cold War.
Representations of other countries in Cuba
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516193504/http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/cuba British Embassy in Havana]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125182542/http://www.indembassyhavana.cu/ Embassy of India in Havana]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20050926020323/http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/cuba/menu-en.asp The Canadian Embassy in Cuba]
Cuban representations to other countries
  • Cuban Embassy in Lebanon
Aspects of Cuba's foreign policy
  • "Cuba's health diplomacy", British Broadcasting Corporation, February 25, 2010.
{{Cuba topics}}{{Foreign relations of Cuba}}{{Foreign relations in the Caribbean}}{{Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)}}{{Americas topic|Foreign relations of|title=Foreign relations in the Americas}}

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