词条 | Foreign relations of Nicaragua | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Nicaragua pursues an independent foreign policy. A participant of the Central American Security Commission (CSC), Nicaragua also has taken a leading role in pressing for regional demilitarization and peaceful settlement of disputes within states in the region. Nicaragua has submitted three territorial disputes, one with Honduras, another with Colombia, and the third with Costa Rica to the International Court of Justice for resolution. International membershipAt the 1994 Summit of the Americas, Nicaragua joined six Central American neighbors in signing the Alliance for Sustainable Development, known as the Conjunta Centroamerica-USA or CONCAUSA, to promote sustainable economic development in the region. Nicaragua belongs to the United Nations and several specialized and related agencies, including:
International disputes{{Main|Territorial disputes of Nicaragua}}
Illicit drugsAlleged trans-shipment point for cocaine destined for the US and trans-shipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing. International relations with IGOs and countriesNicaragua signed a 3-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in October 2007. As part of the IMF program, the Government of Nicaragua agreed to implement free market policies linked to targets on fiscal discipline, poverty spending, and energy regulation. The lack of transparency surrounding Venezuelan bilateral assistance, channeled through state-run enterprises rather than the official budget, has become a serious issue for the IMF and international donors. On September 10, 2008, with misgivings about fiscal transparency, the IMF released an additional $30 million to Nicaragua, the second tranche of its $110 million PRGF.[1] The flawed municipal elections of November 2008 prompted a number of European donors to suspend direct budget support to Nicaragua, a move that created a severe budget shortfall for the government. This shortfall, in turn, caused the Government of Nicaragua to fall out of compliance with its PRGF obligations and led to a suspension of PRGF disbursements. The IMF is currently in negotiations with the Government of Nicaragua to reinstate disbursements.[1] Under current president Daniel Ortega, Nicaragua has stayed current with the Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement, which entered into force for Nicaragua on April 1, 2006. Nicaraguan exports to the United States, which account for 59% of Nicaragua’s total exports, were $1.7 billion in 2008, up 45% from 2005. Textiles and apparel account for 55% of exports to the United States, while automobile wiring harnesses add another 11%.[1] Other leading export products are coffee, meat, cigars, sugar, ethanol, and fresh fruit and vegetables, all of which have seen remarkable growth since CAFTA-DR went into effect. Leading Nicaraguan exports also demonstrated increased diversity, with 274 new products shipped to the United States in the first year. U.S. exports to Nicaragua, meanwhile, were $1.1 billion in 2008, up 23% from 2005. Other important trading partners for Nicaragua are its Central American neighbors, Mexico, and the European Union. Nicaragua is negotiating a trade agreement with the European Union as part of a Central American bloc.[1] Despite important protections for investment included in CAFTA-DR, the investment climate has become relatively insecure since Ortega took office. President Ortega's decision to support radical regimes such as Iran and Cuba, his harsh rhetoric against the United States and capitalism, and his use of government institutions to persecute political enemies and their businesses, has had a negative effect on perceptions of country risk, which by some accounts has quadrupled since he assumed office. The government reports foreign investment inflows totaled $506 million in 2008, including $123 million in telecommunications infrastructure and $120 million in energy generation.[1] There are over 100 companies operating in Nicaragua with some relation to a U.S. company, either as wholly or partly owned subsidiaries, franchisees, or exclusive distributors of U.S. products. The largest are in energy, financial services, textiles/apparel, manufacturing, and fisheries. However, many companies in the textile/apparel sector, including a $100 million U.S.-owned denim mill, have shuttered during the past 12 months due to falling demand for these goods in the United States.[1] Poor enforcement of property rights deters both foreign and domestic investment, especially in real estate development and tourism. Conflicting claims and weak enforcement of property rights has invited property disputes and litigation. Establishing verifiable title history is often entangled in legalities relating to the expropriation of 28,000 properties by the revolutionary government that Ortega led in the 1980s. The situation is not helped by a court system that is widely believed to be corrupt and subject to political influence.[1] Illegal property seizures by private parties, occasionally in collaboration with corrupt municipal officials, often go unchallenged by the authorities, especially in the Atlantic regions and interior regions of the north, where property rights are poorly defined and rule of law is weak. Foreign investor interest along the Pacific Coast has motivated some unscrupulous people to challenge ownership rights in the Departments of Rivas and Chinandega, with the hope of achieving some sort of cash settlement.[1] Bilateral relations
States with limited recognitionThe following table includes China, Georgia, and some of the states with limited recognition:
See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1850.htm 2. ^LA Times: Border tensions rise in Central & South America 3. ^Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Danish and English) 4. ^{{Cite web |url=http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=15374&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313041828/http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=15374&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2016-03-13 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 5. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025150708/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-42872882.html HighBeam] 6. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-17354500_ITM | work=The America's Intelligence Wire | title=Finland signs US$6.3mn e-govt ICT program - Nicaragua | date=2006-08-21}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2008_11/1104083.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-05-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024140914/http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2008_11/1104083.htm |archivedate=2010-10-24 |df= }} 8. ^http://www.hs.fi/english/article/President+Halonen+in+Nicaragua/1076152882383 9. ^http://www.hs.fi/english/article/President+Halonen+concludes+visit+to+Nicaragua/1076152890893 10. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.tpk.fi/netcomm/news/ShowArticle.asp?intNWSAID=24501&intSubArtID=12164&intToPrint=1&LAN=EN |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110063525/http://www.tpk.fi/netcomm/news/ShowArticle.asp?intNWSAID=24501&intSubArtID=12164&intToPrint=1&LAN=EN |archive-date=2007-11-10 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 11. ^HighBeam{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 12. ^ 13. ^Indian Honorary Consulate in Nicaragua 14. ^Nicaragua Honorary Consulate in New Delhi 15. ^Nicaragua Honorary Consulate in Mumbai 16. ^Embassy of Mexico in Managua (in Spanish) 17. ^Embassy of Nicaragua in Mexico City (in Spanish) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020705/http://www.sre.gob.mx/acreditadas/index.php?option=com_content&id=122%3A88&catid=35 |date=November 29, 2014 }} 18. ^{{cite book|title=US foreign policy in world history|author=David Ryan|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|page=172ff|ISBN=0-415-12345-3}} 19. ^1 http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/latinamerica/countries/20070803/1_24575.jsp?menu=m_30_30{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 20. ^http://blog.naver.com/lynnk_01/200255239 21. ^http://nic.mofa.go.kr/worldlanguage/america/nic/main/index.jsp 22. ^Embassy of Spain in Managua (in Spanish) 23. ^[https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/fdfa/representations-and-travel-advice/nicaragua/switzerland-nicaragua.html] 24. ^{{Cite web |url=http://nicaragua.usembassy.gov/ |title=Embassy of the United States in Managua (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225124214/http://nicaragua.usembassy.gov/ |archive-date=2014-12-25 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 25. ^ 26. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.cancilleria.gob.ni/publicaciones/r_abjasia.pdf |title=El Presidente de la República Nicaragua Decreto No. 47-2008 |publisher=Government of Nicaragua |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5ajFHstLY?url=http://www.cancilleria.gob.ni/publicaciones/r_abjasia.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-10 |df= }} 27. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.cancilleria.gob.ni/publicaciones/r_osetia_s.pdf |title=El Presidente de la República Nicaragua Decreto No. 46-2008 |publisher=Government of Nicaragua |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5ajFTB665?url=http://www.cancilleria.gob.ni/publicaciones/r_osetia_s.pdf|archivedate=2008-09-10 |df=}} 28. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews+articleid_2759046.html |title=Nicaragua Considering Diplomatic Relations With Abkhazia, South Ossetia |publisher=iStockAnalyst |date=2008-11-01 |accessdate=2009-03-04 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 29. ^{{cite web|title=Palestine Embassy in Managua, Nicaragua|website=Consul.info|language=en|url=https://www.consul.info/en/embassy-palestine-managua|access-date=22 May 2017}} 30. ^{{cite news|last=Reuters|title=Nicaragua expresses solidarity with Palestinians|language=en|date=5 February 2017|publisher=Jerusalem Post|url=http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Nicaragua-expresses-solidarity-with-Palestinians-480596|access-date=22 May 2017}} 31. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Nicaragua-Supports-Palestine-Resistance-Amid-Israel-Colonization-20170202-0039.html|title=Nicaragua Supports Palestine Resistance Amid Israel Colonization|language=en|date=2 February 2017|publisher=TeleSUR|access-date=22 May 2017}} 32. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.russiatoday.com/Top_News/2008-09-05/Nicaragua_salutes_new_states_in_Caucasus.html|title=Nicaragua salutes new states in Caucasus|date=5 September 2008|publisher=Russia Today|accessdate=2009-04-24|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316075951/http://www.russiatoday.com/Top_News/2008-09-05/Nicaragua_salutes_new_states_in_Caucasus.html|archivedate=16 March 2009|df=}} 33. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.russiatoday.ru/Politics/2008-12-18/Nicaraguan_President_committed_to_visiting_South_Ossetia__and__Abkhazia.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913235548/http://www.russiatoday.ru/Politics/2008-12-18/Nicaraguan_President_committed_to_visiting_South_Ossetia__and__Abkhazia.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=13 September 2012|title=Nicaraguan President committed to visiting South Ossetia & Abkhazia|date=18 December 2008|work=Russia Today|accessdate=2009-04-23}} 34. ^{{cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6543110.html|title=Georgia severs diplomatic ties with Nicaragua|date=30 November 2008|work=People's Daily|accessdate=2009-04-23}} 35. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N17331678.htm|title=Russia seeks close ties with US ex-foe Nicaragua|agency=Reuters|date=2008-09-18|accessdate=2009-04-24}} 36. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/article.aspx?id=2675|title=U.S.-Nicaraguan Relations Chill as Ortega Faces Domestic Tests|work=World Politics Review|date=2008-09-19|accessdate=2009-04-24}} 37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/ct.asp?xItem=268&ctnode=1131&mp=1 |title=中華民國外交部 – 國家與地區 |publisher=Mofa.gov.tw |date=2012-04-02 |accessdate=2013-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927015459/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/ct.asp?xItem=268&ctnode=1131&mp=1 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |dead-url=yes |df= }} External links
[https://americanembassynicaragua.com]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Foreign relations of Nicaragua}}{{Nicaragua topics}}{{Americas topic|Foreign relations of|title=Foreign relations in the Americas}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Relations Of Nicaragua}} 1 : Foreign relations of Nicaragua |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。