“Upper Hirst”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Upper Hirst is a coal seam in central Scotland that was mined in the 1950s through to 2002, mainly to supply Kincardine Power Station, and later, Longannet Power Station, in Fife.

This was a low-quality coal, unsuitable for most other purposes, and had mostly been disregarded previously. Its low sulfur content made it very suitable for power station use.

The Upper Hirst coal is found within the Upper Limestone Group of strata, above the Limestone Coal Group, but below the Productive Coal Measures. The latter two groups of strata may be separated by up to 1,000 metres. In the Central Coal Field, which is in the form of a basin, the Productive Coal Measures, if they were ever deposited, have been lost by erosion except near the centre, where they outcrop near Alloa and Clackmannan, and have been mined until recently. The Limestone Coal Group of strata have been mined only around the edge of the basin, although in the 1950s there were plans for deep mines at Airth, where two large shafts were constructed to rockhead and then abandoned, and at Gartarry Toll, which was not begun.

At Manor Powis, for example, the useful seams in the Limestone Coal Group were at a depth of about 400 metres, and included valuable anthracite; the Upper Hirst was above this and as well as being mined at mid-shaft in the old colliery, was reached by a pair of sloping adits constructed near the bank of the River Forth. The slope of the seam was followed for some distance down the dip of the basin, to the east.

The Upper Hirst was initially mined experimentally at the site of Bannockburn colliery by a small drift mine, then at mid-shaft in Polmaise 3/4 (commonly called Fallin), Manor Powis, and later the drift mines at Dollar and Bogside, to supply Kincardine Power Station, but when Longannet Power Station was built, an innovative scheme was developed to mine the coal at Dollar, Castlehill and Solsgirth, and bring the coal from Solsgirth, Bogside and Castlehill to the surface by conveyor at Longannet, immediately adjacent to the power station. Bogside, on the eastern extremity of the basin, could access the coal at no great depth, and it was worked down the dip to the west, via a large, deep shaft at Castlehill, which was latterly used for personnel access, the coal all emerging at Longannet, except that from Dollar, which due to faulting could not be economically linked to the main conveyor system.

This scheme was a great success, although the focus of mining shifted to the south as the Dollar basin was exhausted. Eventually coal was being extracted from south of the River Forth, and there were adequate reserves to last for at least the predicted lifetime of Longannet Power Station. A disastrous flood^[1] on 23 March 2002 terminated production of the Upper Hirst coal, and brought deep mining in Scotland to an end.

The source of the flooding was allegedly the failure of a dam constructed to keep water which accumulated in the old workings to the north out of the working part of the mine, but there are substantial gaps in the known facts. A local mine manager claimed that the water, about 20 million gallons (a small amount in mining terms) could be pumped out for £55,000, which is probably much less than the redundancy payments to the approximately 200 staff when the company went into receivership in indecent haste. The investigation by HM Inspectorate of Mines is thorough and meticulous, but does not conceal the fact that nothing has been proved about what really happened underground.

Meanwhile, many tens of millions of tons of Upper Hirst coal remain inaccessible, the water level has reached the now closed adit entrance at Longannet, and the UK imports large quantities of foreign coal to burn in Longannet Power Station.

History

One of the few successful early workings of the Upper Hirst also ended in a flood. The eastern outcrop was mined by Sir George Bruce, using methods technically advanced for the time, such as a horse-powered bucket and chain pumping system. But the finest achievement was the Moat Pit, a shaft (actually two concentric shafts, for ventilation) constructed in an artificial island in the River Forth, where ships could directly load coal from the mine. On one occasion the mine was visited by King James, who entered from the shore and emerged on the artificial island.^[2] But in a great storm on 30 March 1625, coinciding with high tide, the colliery was flooded. Sir George Bruce died later that year, and no attempt was made to rescue the colliery.

References

1. ^{{cite web|title =THE CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING THE FLOODING OF THE LONGANNET COMPLEX MINE, FIFE, SCOTLAND|date=2002-09-20 |publisher=Health & Safety Executive| url =http://www.hse.gov.uk/mining/longannet.pdf|format=PDF}}
2. ^{{cite web|title =Culross |publisher=BBC| url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/europe/trails_europe_culross.shtml | accessdate = 2008-10-17 }}

4 : Economic history of Scotland|Geography of Fife|Underground mines in Scotland|Coal mines in Scotland