| 词条 | USAT Thomas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Service historyMinnewaska was one of six Atlantic Transport Line ships requisitioned by the U.S. Government for service as transports during the Spanish–American War, and purchased on 26 July 1898 for $660,000 and renamed Thomas after General George Henry Thomas, a hero of the American Civil War battle of Chickamauga.{{sfn|Clay: The Services: Quartermaster, Medical, Military Police, Signal Corps, Chemical Warfare, And Miscellaneous Organizations, 1919–41|p=2183}}[1]Thomas could accommodate 100 officers, 1,200 men and 1,000 horses, and also had refrigerated capacity for shipping {{convert|1000|lb|kg}} of meat,[1] particularly prized because beef was considered an essential element of the military diet.[2]A brief article in the Maryville Times of 28 October 1899 describes the ship and her facilities: {{cquote|The United States transport Thomas, the finest troop ship afloat, sailed from Cramps ship-yard today for New York, where she will go into dry dock to be painted. The Thomas is to go to the Philippines early in November and will carry over 2,000 souls, including soldiers, officers, nurses, and crews.On the main deck is the ice-making plant with a capacity of two tons per day. There is also a condensing apparatus for changing salt water into filtered fresh water, with a capacity of 10,000 gallons a day; a carbonating machine, bakery, a laundry and a cold storage plant. On the spar deck are the soldiers writing-room, a dining room with seventy-six seats for company and ships officers, a saloon and lavatories. The Quartermasters department, commanding officers headquarters, regular officers quarters and smoking and lounging rooms are on the promenade deck.}} During the Spanish–American War, vessels going to and from the Philippines made a point of stopping and raising the American flag on Wake Island before it was formally annexed by the United States in 1899. One of these, in July 1898, was the Thomas.[1] The Peace Corps tradition was arguably started by the Thomasites, a group of educators who got their name from the Thomas. This ship brought the first batch of 540 American teachers and some of their family members to initiate a new era of public education in the Philippines in August 1901.[1] In early 1916, the Thomas broke its propeller on a voyage from San Francisco to Manila and put into Honolulu for repairs. The floating dry dock that was available had a capacity of only 4,500 tons, while the Thomas was an 11,000 ton vessel, and 118 feet longer than the dry dock. Engineers allowed the bow to extend beyond the front of the dry dock granting them access to stern which was lifted out of the water, allowing them to replace the damaged propeller.[3] Though in Pacific service with large troop capacity the ship did not see service in the war zone during World War I due to slow speed and lack of bunker capacity to make a round trip of the Atlantic, where coal in Europe was critically short, without the intermediate bunkering at coaling stations available in the Pacific.{{sfn|Crowell|Wilson|1921|pp=312—313}} According to U.S. Army service records of Private Leroy F Johnson who sailed on this voyage and served in Company E of the 27th Infantry Regiment, the Thomas sailed from San Francisco on October 16, 1919, and arrived in Vladivostok, Siberia, on November 11, 1919, with U.S. Army troops and supplies to support the American troops already in Siberia.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} The regiment departed Vladivostok 10 March 1920 aboard Thomas arriving at Manila on 17 March 1920.{{sfn|Clay: The Arms: Major Commands and Infantry Organizations, 1919–41|p=379}} Between 10 June and 22 September 1920 Thomas was one of ten Army transports evacuating members of the Czechoslovak Legion from Vladivostok and transporting them to Trieste, Italy.{{sfn|Clay: The Services: Quartermaster, Medical, Military Police, Signal Corps, Chemical Warfare, And Miscellaneous Organizations, 1919–41|pp=2183, 2719}} In October 1922 the Thomas took aboard passengers and crew of the Los Angeles Steamship Company liner SS City of Honolulu, which had caught fire about 670 miles northeast of the Hawaiian Islands, and landed them at San Pedro, California.{{sfn|Clay: The Services: Quartermaster, Medical, Military Police, Signal Corps, Chemical Warfare, And Miscellaneous Organizations, 1919–41|p=2183}}[1] From 5—30 September 1923 Thomas was one of three Army transports involved in earthquake relief operations, Yokohama, Japan.{{sfn|Clay: The Services: Quartermaster, Medical, Military Police, Signal Corps, Chemical Warfare, And Miscellaneous Organizations, 1919–41|p=2720}} Thomas made several trips to the Orient from New York via the Panama Canal, but was used mainly on the Manila run, stopping at Honolulu and Guam on the westward trip, and Nagasaki, Japan, and Chinwangtao, China, on the return voyage. She was the last of the more than 50 transports acquired by the U.S. Government in 1898 to remain in service.[1] In March 1928 Thomas made her final voyage for the Army Transport Service and was turned over to the United States Shipping Board for disposal and sold to the American Iron and Metal Company 14 May 1929 for scrapping at Oakland, California.{{sfn|Clay: The Services: Quartermaster, Medical, Military Police, Signal Corps, Chemical Warfare, And Miscellaneous Organizations, 1919–41|p=2183}} References
1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |url=http://www.atlantictransportline.us/content/23Minnewaska.htm |title=S.S. Minnewaska (I), Atlantic Transport Line Steamship |publisher=www.atlantictransportline.us |accessdate=6 November 2009}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.atlantictransportline.us/content/warwreck.htm |title=Atlantic Transport Line History: War and Wreck |publisher=www.atlantictransportline.us |accessdate=6 November 2009}} 3. ^{{cite news |title=Propeller Mended in Dry Dock Shorter than Ship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA139&dq=%22popular+mechanics%22+1916&lr=#PPA366,M1|work=Popular Mechanics|date=March 1916|accessdate=9 February 2009}}
9 : Merchant ships of the German Empire|Steamships of the German Empire|Merchant ships of the United States|Steamships of the United States|Transport ships of the United States Army|Spanish–American War auxiliary ships of the United States|1894 ships|Ships built in Belfast|Ships built by Harland and Wolff |
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