- Converting air pollutant concentrations
- Correcting concentrations for altitude
- Standard conditions for gas volumes
- Windspeed conversion factors
- Correcting for reference conditions Correcting to a dry basis Correcting to a reference oxygen content Correcting to a reference carbon dioxide content
- See also
- References
- External links
Various governmental agencies involved with environmental protection and with occupational safety and health have promulgated regulations limiting the allowable concentrations of gaseous pollutants in the ambient air or in emissions to the ambient air. Such regulations involve a number of different expressions of concentration. Some express the concentrations as ppmv and some express the concentrations as mg/m³, while others require adjusting or correcting the concentrations to reference conditions of moisture content, oxygen content or carbon dioxide content. This article presents a set of useful conversions and formulas for air dispersion modeling of atmospheric pollutants and for complying with the various regulations as to how to express the concentrations obtained by such modeling.[1]
Converting air pollutant concentrations
The conversion equations depend on the temperature at which the conversion is wanted (usually about 20 to 25 degrees Celsius). At an ambient air pressure of 1 atmosphere (101.325 kPa), the general equation is:
and for the reverse conversion:
| where: | |
| ppmv | = air pollutant concentration, in parts per million by volume |
| mg/m³ | = milligrams of pollutant per cubic meter of air |
 | = atmospheric temperature in kelvins = 273.15 + °C |
| 0.08205 | = Universal Gas Law constant in atm·l/(mol·K) |
 | = molecular weight of the air pollutant (dimensionless) |
Notes:
- Pollution regulations in the United States typically reference their pollutant limits to an ambient temperature of 20 to 25 °C as noted above. In most other nations, the reference ambient temperature for pollutant limits may be 0 °C or other values.
- 1 percent by volume = 10,000 ppmv (i.e., parts per million by volume).
- atm = absolute atmospheric pressure in atmospheres
- mol = gram mole
Correcting concentrations for altitude
Atmospheric pollutant concentrations expressed as mass per unit volume of atmospheric air (e.g., mg/m³, µg/m³, etc.) at sea level will decrease with increasing altitude because the atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude.
The change of atmospheric pressure with altitude can be obtained from this equation:[2]
Given an atmospheric pollutant concentration at an atmospheric pressure of 1 atmosphere (i.e., at sea level altitude), the concentration at other altitudes can be obtained from this equation:
| where: | |
 | = altitude, in hundreds of meters |
|---|---|
 | = atmospheric pressure at altitude , in atmospheres |
 | = Concentration at sea level altitude, in mass per unit volume |
 | = Concentration at altitude , in mass per unit volume |
As an example, given a concentration of 260 mg/m³ at sea level, calculate the equivalent concentration at an altitude of 1,800 meters:
Ca = 260 × 0.9877 18 = 208 mg/m³ at 1,800 meters altitude
Standard conditions for gas volumes
A normal cubic meter (Nm³ ) is the metric expression of gas volume at standard conditions and it is usually (but not always) defined as being measured at 0 °C and 1 atmosphere of pressure.
A standard cubic foot (scf) is the USA expression of gas volume at standard conditions and it is often (but not always) defined as being measured at 60 °F and 1 atmosphere of pressure. There are other definitions of standard gas conditions used in the USA besides 60 °F and 1 atmosphere.
That being understood:
1 Nm³ of any gas (measured at 0 °C and 1 atmosphere of absolute pressure) equals 37.326 scf of that gas (measured at 60 °F and 1 atmosphere of absolute pressure).1 kmol of any ideal gas equals 22.414 Nm³ of that gas at 0 °C and 1 atmosphere of absolute pressure ... and 1 lbmol of any ideal gas equals 379.482 scf of that gas at 60 °F and 1 atmosphere of absolute pressure.Notes:
- kmol = kilomole or kilogram mole
- lbmol = pound mole
Windspeed conversion factors
Meteorological data includes windspeeds which may be expressed as statute miles per hour, knots, or meters per second. Here are the conversion factors for those various expressions of windspeed:
1 m/s = 2.237 statute mile/h = 1.944 knots1 knot = 1.151 statute mile/h = 0.514 m/s
1 statute mile/h = 0.869 knots = 0.447 m/s
Note:
- 1 statute mile = 5,280 feet = 1,609 meters
Correcting for reference conditions
Many environmental protection agencies have issued regulations that limit the concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions and define the reference conditions applicable to those concentration limits. For example, such a regulation might limit the concentration of NOx to 55 ppmv in a dry combustion exhaust gas corrected to 3 volume percent O2. As another example, a regulation might limit the concentration of particulate matter to 0.1 grain per standard cubic foot (i.e., scf) of dry exhaust gas corrected to 12 volume percent CO2.
Environmental agencies in the USA often denote a standard cubic foot of dry gas as "dscf" or as "scfd". Likewise, a standard cubic meter of dry gas is often denoted as "dscm" or "scmd" (again, by environmental agencies in the USA).
Correcting to a dry basis
If a gaseous emission sample is analyzed and found to contain water vapor and a pollutant concentration of say 40 ppmv, then 40 ppmv should be designated as the "wet basis" pollutant concentration. The following equation can be used to correct the measured "wet basis" concentration to a "dry basis" concentration:[3]
| where: | |
 | = fraction of the emitted exhaust gas, by volume, which is water vapor |
|---|
Thus, a wet basis concentration of 40 ppmv in a gas having 10 volume percent water vapor would have a dry basis concentration = 40 ÷ ( 1 - 0.10 ) = 44.44 ppmv.
Correcting to a reference oxygen content
The following equation can be used to correct a measured pollutant concentration in an emitted gas (containing a measured O2 content) to an equivalent pollutant concentration in an emitted gas containing a specified reference amount of O2:[4]
| where: | |
 | = corrected concentration in a dry gas having a specified reference volume % O2 =  |
|---|---|
 | = measured concentration in a dry gas having a measured volume % O2 =  |
Thus, a measured NOx concentration of 45 ppmv (dry basis) in a gas having 5 volume % O2 is
45 × ( 20.9 - 3 ) ÷ ( 20.9 - 5 ) = 50.7 ppmv (dry basis) of NOx when corrected to a gas having a specified reference O2 content of 3 volume %.
Correcting to a reference carbon dioxide content
The following equation can be used to correct a measured pollutant concentration in an emitted gas (containing a measured CO2 content) to an equivalent pollutant concentration in an emitted gas containing a specified reference amount of CO2:[5]
| where: | |
| = corrected concentration in a dry gas having a specified reference volume % CO2 = |
|---|---|
| = measured concentration in a dry gas having a measured volume % CO2 = |
Thus, a measured particulates concentration of 0.1 grain per dscf in a gas that has 8 volume % CO2 is
0.1 × ( 12 ÷ 8 ) = 0.15 grain per dscf when corrected to a gas having a specified reference CO2 content of 12 volume %.
Notes:
- Although ppmv and grains per dscf have been used in the above examples, concentrations such as ppbv (i.e., parts per billion by volume), volume percent, grams per dscm and many others may also be used.
- 1 percent by volume = 10,000 ppmv (i.e., parts per million by volume).
- Care must be taken with the concentrations expressed as ppbv to differentiate between the British billion which is 1012 and the USA billion which is 109.
See also
- Standard conditions of temperature and pressure
- Units conversion by factor-label
- Atmospheric dispersion modeling
- Roadway air dispersion modeling
- Bibliography of atmospheric dispersion modeling
- Accidental release source terms
- Choked flow
References
2. ^{{cite book|author=Beychok, Milton R.|title=Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion|edition=4th|publisher=author-published|year=2005| isbn=0-9644588-0-2}}
3. ^40 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter I, Part 60, Appendix A-3, Test Method 4.
4. ^40 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter I, Part 60, Appendix B, Performance Specification 2.
5. ^40 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter I, Part 60.
External links
- More conversions and formulas useful in air dispersion modeling are available in the feature articles at www.air-dispersion.com.
- U.S. EPA tutorial course has very useful information.
- Universidad Simón Bolívar (Mexico)
- Universidad Simón Bolívar (México)
- Universidad Técnica de Oruro
- Universidad Undustrial de Santander
- Universidad Vasco de Quiroga
- Universim
- Universi Sains Malaysia
- Universist Movement
- Universita degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro
- Universita di Camerino
- Universitaet - Gesamthochschule Duisburg
- Universitaet Liechtenstein
- Universita "Italian University Line"
- Universitario de Ferrol
- Universitary College of Girona
- Universitas, Bloemfontein
- Universitas Bostoniensis
- Universitas Indonesia railway station
- Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Fatah
- Universitas Jember
- Universitas Mataram
- Universitas Negeri Jakarta
- Universitas Pancasila
- Universitas Pancasila railway station
- Universitas Papua