| 词条 | USS Arkansas (BM-7) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The second USS Arkansas, was a single-turreted "New Navy" monitor and one of the last monitors built for the United States Navy. Arkansas was ordered on 4 May 1898 and awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company on 11 October 1899.{{sfn|Ships' Data|1914|pp=52–53}} She was laid down just over a month later on 14 November 1899. Arkansas was launched almost a year later on 10 November 1900, sponsored by Mary L. Macon;{{sfn|Ford|2008}} but not commissioned for another two years, on 28 October 1902,{{sfn|Ships' Data|1914}} with Commander Charles E. Vreeland in command.{{sfn|Ford|2008}} This last class of monitors had been designed and built because of public demand for coastal defense before the Spanish–American War. By the time they were built and commissioned their purpose had passed. They didn't fit into the Navy's new purpose and so they bounced around from different assignments to another. Arkansas and her sisters were refitted as submarine tenders in 1913 because of their low freeboards.{{sfn|Friedman|1985|pp=409, 411}} Design{{main|Arkansas-class monitor}}The {{sclass-|Arkansas|monitor|2}}s had been designed to combine a heavy striking power with easy concealment and negligible target area. They had a displacement of {{convert|3225|LT|t ST|lk=on}}, measured {{convert|255|ft|1|in|lk=on}} in overall length, with a beam of {{convert|50|ft|1|in}} and a draft of {{convert|12|ft|6|in}}. She was manned by a total crew of 13 officers and 209 men.{{sfn|Friedman|1985|p=452}} Arkansas was powered by two vertical triple expansion engines driving two screw propellers with steam generated by four Thornycroft boilers.{{sfnRef|Ships' Data|1914|p=50}} The engines in Arkansas were designed to produce {{convert|2400|ihp|lk=on}} with a top speed of {{convert|12.5|kn|lk=on}}, however, on sea trials she was only able to produce {{cvt|1739|ihp}} with a top speed of {{cvt|12.03|kn}}.{{sfnRef|Ships' Data|1914|pp=49–50}} Arkansas was designed to provide a range of {{convert|2360|nmi|lk=on}} at {{cvt|10|kn}}.{{sfn|Friedman|1985|p=452}} The ship was armed with a main battery of two {{convert|12|in|adj=on|0}}/40 caliber guns, either Mark 3 or Mark 4, in a Mark 4 turret.{{sfn|Friedman|2011}}{{sfn|DiGiulian|12"/40|2015}}{{sfn|Friedman|1985|p=452}} The secondary battery consisted of four {{convert|4|in|adj=on}}/50 caliber Mark 7 guns{{sfn|DiGiulian|4"/50|2015}} along with three 6-pounder {{cvt|57|mm|1}} guns. The main belt armor was {{cvt|11|in}} in the middle tapering to {{cvt|5|in}} at the ends. The gun turrets were between {{cvt|10|and|9|in}}, with {{cvt|11|to|9|in}} barbettes. Arkansas also had a {{cvt|1.5|in}} deck.{{sfn|Friedman|1985|p=452}} Service historyAfter shakedown, Arkansas{{'}} first duty was with the US Naval Academy in 1902 as an instruction and cruise ship for midshipmen. She was then assigned to the Coast Squadron, North Atlantic Fleet, and cruised off the east coast, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the West Indies from 1903 to 1906. In 1906 she was once again assigned to the Naval Academy for instructional purposes until 1909.{{sfn|Ford|2008}} Renamed Ozark, 2 March 1909, so her name could be used for the new {{USS|Arkansas|BB-33|6}}. She was assigned to the District of Columbia Naval Militia from 26 June 1910 to 6 March 1913, when she was recalled to the Norfolk Naval Yard to begin refitting, later that month, as a submarine tender. Ozark began her new duties as a tender on 12 July. In April 1914, Ozark participated in the United States occupation of Mexico, during the "Tampico Affair", which later made her sailors eligible for the Mexican Service Medal. On 13 October 1915, she arrived in New London, Connecticut, where the Navy established their first submarine base.{{sfn|Ford|2008}} World War IOzark was ordered to SubDiv 6, Atlantic Fleet, 6 April 1917 and soon proceeded back to Tampico, Mexico where she cruised off the coast protecting American and Allied shipping interests. She sailed for New Orleans, 18 December 1918, after which she cruised off Key West, Central America and the Panama Canal Zone.{{sfn|Ford|2008}} Post WarShe returned to Hampton Roads 23 June 1919 and then on to Philadelphia, on 20 August, where she was decommissioned. When the US Navy went to two letter designators in 1920 she was redesignated BM-7 on 17 July. Ozark was sold, 26 January 1922 for scrapping.{{sfn|Ford|2008}}{{sfn|Yarnall|2016}} Notes
Bibliography{{refbegin}}Books
|last = Friedman |first = Norman |authorlink = Norman Friedman |year = 1985 |title = U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History |publisher = Naval Institute Press |location = Annapolis, Maryland |isbn = 978-1-59114-247-8 |ref = harv
| title = Ships' Data, U. S. Naval Vessels, 1911– | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rXijAAAAMAAJ | publisher = US Naval Department | date = 1 January 1914 | accessdate = 29 August 2015 | pages = | ref = {{sfnRef|Ships' Data|1914}}
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mZEqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA769#v=onepage&q&f=false |title= Table 21 – Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919 |journal= Congressional Serial Set |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office |year= 1921 |page= 769 |ref = {{sfnRef|Table 21|1921}}
| last = Friedman | first = Norman | year = 2011 | title = Naval Weapons of World War One | publisher = Seaforth Publishing | location = | oclc = 751804655 | isbn = 978 1 84832 100 7 | ref = harvOnline resources
| last = Ford | first = Jonathan | url = http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=3655# | title = USS Arkansas (M-7) | publisher = The Central Arkansas Library System | work = The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture | date = 29 May 2008 | accessdate=29 August 2015 | ref = harv
|last = DiGiulian |first = Tony |url = http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_12-40_mk3.htm |title = United States of America 12"/40 (30.5 cm) Mark 3 and Mark 4 |publisher = Navweaps |date = 9 May 2015 |accessdate = 10 May 2016 |ref = {{sfnRef|DiGiulian|12"/40|2015}}
|last = DiGiulian |first = Tony |url = http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_4-50_mk9.php |title = United States of America 4"/50 (10.2 cm) Marks 7, 8, 9 and 10 |publisher = Navweaps |date = 15 June 2015 |accessdate = 9 July 2016 |ref = {{sfnRef|DiGiulian|4"/50|2015}}
| last = Yarnall | first = Paul R. | url = http://www.navsource.org/archives/01/arkansas.htm | title = M-7 USS ARKANSAS | publisher = NavSource | date = 24 June 2016 | accessdate = 9 July 2016 | ref = harv{{refend}} External links
6 : Arkansas-class monitors|1900 ships|United States Naval Academy|World War I monitors of the United States|United States Navy Arkansas-related ships|Ships built in Newport News, Virginia |
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