“USS Caution (AM-158)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

USS Caution (AM-158) was an {{sclass-|Admirable|minesweeper}} built for the United States Navy during World War II and in commission from 1944 to 1945. In 1945, she was transferred to the Soviet Union and after that served in the Soviet Navy as T-284.

Construction and commissioning

Originally classified as a "coastal minesweeper," AMc-135, Caution was reclassified as a "minesweeper," AM-158, on 21 February 1942. She was launched at Portland, Oregon, on 7 December 1942 by Willamette Iron and Steel Works and commissioned on 10 February 1944 with Lieutenant Commander F. G. Crane, USNR, in command.

Service history

U.S. Navy, World War II, 1944-1945

Reporting to the United States Pacific Fleet for assignment, Caution departed San Francisco, California, on 21 April 1944 and arrived at Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii, on 1 May 1944. She escorted convoys from Pearl Harbor to Majuro and Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands until 1 August 1944, when she left for Saipan in the Mariana Islands. Arriving there on 25 August 1944, she was assigned to the Saipan-Tinian Patrol and Escort Group, and also escorted convoys to Eniwetok and back to the Marianas.

Selected for transfer to the Soviet Navy in Project Hula – a secret program for the transfer of U.S. Navy ships to the Soviet Navy at Cold Bay, Territory of Alaska, in anticipation of the Soviet Union joining the war against Japan – Caution departed Eniwetok on 5 April 1945 bound for Portland, Oregon, where she underwent a pre-transfer overhaul. With her overhaul complete, she arrived at Cold Bay on 11 July 1945 to begin familiarization training of her new Soviet crew.^[4]

Soviet Navy, 1945-1960

Following the completion of training for her Soviet crew, Caution was decommissioned on 17 August 1945^[1] at Cold Bay and transferred to the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease immediately.^[1] Also commissioned into the Soviet Navy immediately,^[1] she was designated as a tralshik ("minesweeper") and renamed T-284^[2] in Soviet service. She soon departed Cold Bay bound for Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the Soviet Union, where she served in the Soviet Far East.^[4]

In February 1946, the United States began negotiations for the return of ships loaned to the Soviet Union for use during World War II, and on 8 May 1947, United States Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal informed the United States Department of State that the United States Department of the Navy wanted 480 of the 585 combatant ships it had transferred to the Soviet Union for World War II use returned. Deteriorating relations between the two countries as the Cold War broke out led to protracted negotiations over the ships, and by the mid-1950s the U.S. Navy found it too expensive to bring home ships that had become worthless to it anyway. Many ex-American ships were merely administratively "returned" to the United States and instead sold for scrap in the Soviet Union, while the U.S. Navy did not seriously pursue the return of others because it viewed them as no longer worth the cost of recovery.^[5] The Soviet Union never returned Caution to the United States, although the U.S. Navy reclassified her as a "fleet minesweeper" (MSF) and redesignated her MSF-158 on 7 February 1955.

Disposal

T-284 was scrapped in 1960.^[3] Unaware of her fate, the U.S. Navy kept Caution on its Naval Vessel Register until finally striking her on 1 January 1983.

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Caution article states that the U.S. Navy decommissioned Caution on 16 August 1945 and transferred her to the Soviet Navy, and NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive Caution (MSF 158) ex-AM-158 ex-AMc-135 and hazegray.org Caution repeat this. However, more recent research in Russell, Richard A., Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan, Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1997, {{ISBN|0-945274-35-1}}, p. 39, which includes access to Soviet-era records unavailable during the Cold War, reports that the transfer date was 17 August 1945. As sources, Russell cites Department of the Navy, Ships Data: U.S. Naval Vessels Volume II, 1 January 1949, (NAVSHIPS 250-012), Washington, DC: Bureau of Ships, 1949; and Berezhnoi, S. S., Flot SSSR: Korabli i suda lendliza: Spravochnik ("The Soviet Navy: Lend-Lease Ships and Vessels: A Reference"), St. Petersburg, Russia: Belen, 1994. According to Russell, Project Hula ships were decommissioned by the U.S. Navy simultaneously with their transfer to and commissioning by the Soviet Navy – see photo captions on p. 24 regarding the transfers of various large infantry landing craft (LCI(L)s) and information on p. 27 about the transfer of {{USS|Coronado|PF-38}}, which Russell says typified the transfer process – indicating that Caution{{'}}s U.S. Navy decommissioning, transfer, and Soviet Navy commissioning all occurred simultaneously in a single ceremony on 17 August 1945.
2. ^¹NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive Caution (MSF 158) ex-AM-158 ex-AMc-135 and hazegray.org Caution state that Caution was named T-598 in Soviet service, but more recent research in Russell, Richard A., Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan, Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1997, {{ISBN|0-945274-35-1}}, pp. 39-40, which includes access to Soviet-era records unavailable during the Cold War, finds that the ship's Soviet name was T-284, while an auxiliary motor minesweeper, the former {{USS|YMS-273}}, also transferred in 1945, had the Soviet name T-598. As sources, Russell cites Department of the Navy, Ships Data: U.S. Naval Vessels Volume II, 1 January 1949, (NAVSHIPS 250-012), Washington, DC: Bureau of Ships, 1949; and Berezhnoi, S. S., Flot SSSR: Korabli i suda lendliza: Spravochnik ("The Soviet Navy: Lend-Lease Ships and Vessels: A Reference"), St. Petersburg, Russia: Belen, 1994.
3. ^¹NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive Caution (MSF 158) ex-AM-158 ex-AMc-135 and hazegray.org Caution state that the ship, which they identify as T-598, probably was scrapped in 1956, but more recent research in Russell, Richard A., Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan, Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1997, {{ISBN|0-945274-35-1}}, p. 39, reports that the ship's Soviet name was T-284 and states that T-284 was scrapped in 1960. As sources, Russell cites Department of the Navy, Ships Data: U.S. Naval Vessels Volume II, 1 January 1949, (NAVSHIPS 250-012), Washington, DC: Bureau of Ships, 1949; and Berezhnoi, S. S., Flot SSSR: Korabli i suda lendliza: Spravochnik ("The Soviet Navy: Lend-Lease Ships and Vessels: A Reference"), St. Petersburg, Russia: Belen, 1994. Russell, p. 40., also states that T-598 – a Soviet name previously attributed to Caution but now identified as belonging to the former {{USS|YMS-273}} – was stricken in 1956, and this confusion over the identity of the two ships may have led to the confusion over their fates.
4. ^¹Russell, Richard A., Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan, Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1997, {{ISBN|0-945274-35-1}}, p. 39.
5. ^Russell, Richard A., Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan, Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1997, {{ISBN|0-945274-35-1}}, pp. 37-38, 39.