| 词条 | Fort Necessity National Battlefield |
| 释义 |
| name = Fort Necessity National Battlefield | iucn_category = III | iucn_ref = [1] | photo = Fort Necessity 101114.jpg | photo_caption = The reconstructed Fort Necessity | map = USA Pennsylvania#USA | map_image = | map_size = | map_caption = Location of Fort Necessity National Battlefield in Pennsylvania | relief = | location = Wharton Township, Fayette, Pennsylvania, United States | nearest_city = | nearest_town = | coordinates = {{coord|39|48|55|N|79|35|22|W|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = | length = | length_mi = | length_km = | width = | width_mi = | width_km = | area_acre = 902.8 | area_ref = [2] | elevation = {{convert|1955|ft|m|abbr=on}} | elevation_avg = | elevation_min = | elevation_max = | dimensions = | designation = | authorized = | created = | designated = | established = 1931-03-04[2] | named_for = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_ref = | governing_body = | administrator = | operator = | owner = | website = {{URL|http://www.nps.gov/fone/}}{{Infobox NRHP | name = Fort Necessity National Battlefield | embed = yes | nrhp_type = | image = | caption = | nearest_city = Uniontown | built = | architect OR builder = | architecture = | added = October 15, 1966 | area = | governing_body = Federal | refnum = 66000664[3]}} | embedded = }} Fort Necessity National Battlefield is a National Battlefield Site in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States, which preserves the site of the Battle of Fort Necessity. The battle, which took place on July 3, 1754, was an early battle of the French and Indian War, and resulted in the surrender of British colonial forces under Colonel George Washington, to the French and Indians, under Louis Coulon de Villiers. The site also includes the Mount Washington Tavern, once one of the inns along the National Road, and in two separate units the grave of British General Edward Braddock, killed in 1755, and the site of the Battle of Jumonville Glen. Battle of Fort Necessity (1754){{main article|Battle of Fort Necessity}}After returning to the great meadows in northwestern Virginia, and what is now Fayette County, Pennsylvania, George Washington decided it prudent to reinforce his position. Supposedly named by Washington as Fort Necessity or Fort of Necessity, the structure protected a storehouse for supplies such as gunpowder, rum, and flour. The crude palisade they erected was built more to defend supplies in the fort's storehouse from Washington's own men, whom he described as "loose and idle", than as a planned defense against a hostile enemy. The sutler of Washington's force was John Fraser, who earlier had been second-in-command at Fort Prince George. Later he served as Chief Scout to General Edward Braddock and then Chief Teamster to the Forbes Expedition. By June 13, 1754, Washington had under his command 295 colonials and the nominal command of 100 additional regular British army troops from South Carolina. Washington spent the remainder of June 1754 extending the wilderness road further west and down the western slopes of the Allegheny range into the valley of the Monongahela River. He wanted to create a river crossing point roughly {{convert|41|mi|km|abbr=on}} near Redstone Creek and Redstone Old Fort. This was a prehistoric Native American earthwork mound on a bluff overlooking the river crossing. The aboriginal mound structure may have once been part of a fortification. Five years later in the war, Fort Burd was constructed at Redstone Old Fort. The area eventually became the site of Nemacolin Castle and Brownsville, Pennsylvania{{mdash}}an important western jumping-off point for travelers crossing the Alleghenies in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. To reach the Ohio River basins' navigable waters as soon as possible on the Monongahela River, Washington chose to follow Nemacolin's Trail, a Native American trail which had been somewhat improved by colonists, with Nemacolin's help. He preferred this to following the ridge-hopping, high-altitude path traversed by the western part of the route that was later chosen for Braddock's Road. It jogged to the north near the fort and passed over another notch near Confluence, Pennsylvania into the valley and drainage basin of the Youghiogheny River. The Redstone destination at the terminus of Nemacolin's Trail was a natural choice for an advanced base. The location was one of the few known good crossing points where both sides of the wide deep river had low accessible banks; steep sides were characteristic of the Monongahela River valley. Late in the day on July 3, Washington did not know the French situation. Believing his situation was impossible, he accepted surrender terms which allowed the peaceful withdrawal of his forces, which he completed on July 4, 1754.[4] The French subsequently occupied the fort and then burned it. Washington did not speak French, and stated later that if he had known that he was confessing to the "assassination" of Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, he would not have signed the surrender document. Park formation and structureDuring the Great Depression of the 20th century, attempts to preserve the location of Fort Necessity were undertaken. On March 4, 1931, Congress declared the location a National Battlefield Site under management of the War Department. Transferred to the National Park Service in 1933, the park was redesignated a National Battlefield on August 10, 1961. As with all historic sites administered by the National Park Service, the battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. Subsequent archaeological research helped to uncover the majority of the original fort position, shape and design. A replica of the fort was constructed on site in the 1970s. A new visitor center, which also is home to a National Road interpretive center, opened on October 8, 2005. The battlefield and fort are currently being improved. Mount Washington TavernOn a hillside adjacent to the battlefield and within the boundaries of the park is Mount Washington Tavern, a classic example of the many inns once lining the National Road, the United States' first federally funded highway. The land on which the tavern was built was originally owned by George Washington. In 1770 he purchased the site on which he had commanded his first battle. Around the 1830s, Judge Nathanial Ewing of Uniontown constructed the tavern. James Sampey acquired the tavern in 1840. It was operated by his family until the railroad construction boom caused the National Road to decline in popularity, rendering the inn unprofitable. In 1855, it was sold to the Fazenbaker family. They used it as a private home for the next 75 years, until the Commonwealth Of Pennsylvania purchased the property in 1932. In 1961 the National Park Service purchased the property from the state, making the building a part of Fort Necessity. The Mount Washington Tavern demonstrates the standard features of an early American tavern, including a simple barroom that served as a gathering place, a more refined parlor that was used for relaxation, and bedrooms in which numerous people would crowd to catch up on sleep. General Braddock's grave siteIn a separate unit of the park, lying about one mile (1.6 km) northwest of the battlefield, is the grave of General Edward Braddock. The British commander led a major expedition to the area in 1755 which included the construction of Braddock's Road, a useful but inadequate wilderness road through western Pennsylvania. Braddock was severely wounded in the Battle of the Monongahela as the British advanced toward Fort Duquesne. He and his forces fled along the wilderness road to a site near Great Meadows. Braddock died on July 13, 1755, and was buried in an elaborate ceremony officiated by George Washington. He was buried under the road in order to hide the location of his grave from the enemy French and Indians. [5] In 1804 Braddock's remains were discovered by men making repairs to the wilderness road.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} A marker was erected in 1913. See also{{Portal|Pittsburgh}}
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Fort Necessity National Battlefield|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/fort-necessity-national-battlefield|website=Protected Planet|publisher=IUCN|accessdate=6 May 2018}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/chal/sp/i04new4.htm|title=Home Page for the Stewardship and Partnerships Team|publisher=National Park Service; Philadelphia Support Office|accessdate=2009-06-30}} 3. ^{{NRISref|version=2010a|accessdate=2013-07-16|}} 4. ^Leckie, 276 5. ^[https://www.nps.gov/fone/braddock.htm Fort Necessity - National Park Service]
External links
15 : Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania|Forts in Pennsylvania|Colonial forts in Pennsylvania|French and Indian War forts|George Washington|National Battlefields and Military Parks of the United States|Museums in Fayette County, Pennsylvania|Military and war museums in Pennsylvania|National Park Service areas in Pennsylvania|British forts in the United States|Parks in Fayette County, Pennsylvania|Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania|National Register of Historic Places in Fayette County, Pennsylvania|Conflict sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania|Protected areas of Fayette County, Pennsylvania |
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